Performance Based Navigation Flashcards
RNAV capable of providing guidance in horizontal and vertical with timing function
4D - lateral/vertical/time
GNSS/IRS/Baro/Altimeters
B-RNAV or RNAV 5
Basic Area Nav - +- 5nm of intended position 95% of the time
Does not require ac to have a nav database (manual waypoints)
Precision RNAV
RNP - 1
+- 1nm of intended 95% of the time
Advantages of RNAV
Shorter routing
Pre programmed routes
No extra equipment needed
Components of PBN
Nav aid infrastructure - ground based/space based aids to meet specs
Nav Specifications - accuracy/integrity/continuity/functionality/availability
Nav application - application of nav spec and supporting nav aid infrastructure
Nav Specification
Ac/aircrew requirements
Accuracy/integrity/continuity/functionality/availability
Path Definition Area
Difference between database/designer (smallest part of the error)
Difference between desired path and airspace designer
APV
Approaches with vertical guidance
LPV - Localizer performance with vertical guidances
LNAV/VNAV - Lateral and vertical guidance (less accurate than LPV) (DH Higher than LPV)
Difference between RNAV AND RNP
RNAV - Nav specification
RNP - Sensor specific/alerts when fails/onboard performance monitoring (6 sec alerting)
Flight technical error (FTE)
Ability of the crew to fly defined path
Path steering error
Navigation System Error (NSE)
Aircraft’s estimated position as defined in RNAV system and actual geographic position
Ionospheric/DME functionality etc
Total System Error
Path definition area + flight technical error + nav system error
Navigation Specification
RNAV 10
RNAV1
RNP 1
RNAV 2
RNP 2
RNAV 5
RNP APCH
RNP 0.3
RNAV 10 - Oceanic/remote continental nav
RNP 4 - Oceanic and remote
RNAV 2 - For en route continental, arrival and departure phases of flight
RNP 2 - Enroute/oceanic/remote phases of flight
RNAV 5 - En route flight phases
RNP APCH - approach phases of flight
RNP 0.3 - Helicopter not oceanic or remote
Oceanic/Remote Nav specification includes
RNAV 10 (RNP 10)
RNP 4
RNP 2
PBN Scope for Oceanic/remote/enroute and terminal operations
Linear/lateral performance requirements and time constraints
PBN Scope for approach operations
Defines linear and angular lateral performance requirements
Factors used to define RNAV performance requirements
Accuracy
Integrity
Continuity
Functionality
Availability
RNP Nav Specifications - Integrity
Requirements define the level of trust that can be placed in the navigation system
Navigation specification - Availability
Determine the percentage of time that the service in a year must be in operation
Navigation specification - functionality
Failure indications/deviation/distant and bearing/time/gs/nav data storage
Path Terminator Designators
Two letter codes that define flight path types along a segment of the procedure and method of termination between legs
TF
DF
IF
CA
CF
FA
Used to specify type of termination of the previous flight path
Fixed Radius Transition
Turns between two route segments - high altitude FL195
Has two possible radii - 22.5nm for high altitude and 15nm for low altitude
Provides lateral seperation
RNAV 10 + RNP 4
Oceanic/Remote areas - North Atlantic high level airspace and require at least two independent long range nav systems
RNAV 10 - IRS error - 6.2 hours - extended by updating
RNP 4 - Use of GNS also required
RNP 0.3 is used primarily for helicopters
In all phases of flight except oceanic/remote and final approach
RNP APCH - LNAV/VNAV using barometric altitude can cause
Temperature effect - influence terrain clearance on final approach segment.
Low temp - lower true altitude than indicated - shallower approached path with a lower glide path angle
3D Approaches include
RNP APCH - (GNSS and baro VNAV)
GLS
PAR - Precision Approach Radar
ILS
RNP APCH (SBAS)
How can RNAV 10 time limit be updated
By updating the position on the LRNS
RNP approach to LNAV minima is
Non precision approach designed for 2d operations
Manual entry is not permitted with
RNAV 1
CAA Question: Fly by turn vs fly over turns for RNP flight tracks
Fly by turns can be used in RNP flight tracks
Fly over turns are excluded
Necessity to know RNAV capabilities and performance
To be confident that the aircraft is capable of navigating with accuracy and adherence to procedures/seperation
RNP APCH
Types
LNAV - Minimum standard of performance (using GNSS)
LNAV/VNAV - GNSS plus barometric VNAV 3D approach
LPV - 200ft ILS CAT I SBAS 3D approach
Actual Navigation Performance (ANP)
FMS calculates path definition error/Nav system error/ flight path technical error = Total system error
Less accurate than 5% of RNP alert.
ANP bigger number than RNP out of accuracy requirements
LPV Approach
Background + what type of approach is it
RNP approach - localiser performance with vertical guidance
Vertical guidance through SBAS.
FAS data block requires
CAT I ILS minimum
No ILS inputs
Approach with vertical guidance (NOT A precision approach)
Types of GNSS RNAV approaches
LNAV (2D) - Lateral nav - liner guidance in horizontal plane - MDA/H
LP (2D) - Localiser Performance - angular guidance in horizontal plane - DA/H
LNAV/VNAV (3D) - horizontal and vertical guidance (barometric) - MDA/H
LPV (3D) - horizontal and vertical guidance from SBAS GNSS (Geometric alt) - DA/H (Precision or approach with vertical guidance)
Difference between radius to fix legs (RF) & Fixed radius transition (FRT)
RF - Used for App/Dep for SIDS/STARS
FRT - en route used with FMS
Ocean
RNP 2
RNP 4
RNAV 10
Advanced RNP incorporates what nav specifications
RNAV 5
RNAV 2
RNAV 1
RNP 2
RNP 1
RNP APCH
Offset flight path is
Lateral offset from defined route
Specified increments of 1NM up to 20NM
Depart route and intercept offset at 45 degree angle
Manual data is acceptable on and unacceptable on…
Manual entry/creation of waypoint not permitted under RNAV1/RNAV2/RNP 1/RNP 2
Manual entry of new waypoints allowed under:
RNP 10
RNAV 10
RNP 4
RNAV 5
In order to fly RNAV 1,RNAV 2, RNP 1, RNP 2 SID it must be
Retrievable by route name from the on board navigation database and conform to the charted route
Explain why RNP APCH to LNAV/VNAV minima only conducted when temp is within range and not temperature compensated
Ensure safe terrain clearance when temperatures are low and to limit excessively high glide path angles in high temperatures
Helicopters use
RNAV 1
RNP 1
RNP 0.3
Banks RNAV/RNP usages
RNAV 10 - Oceanic
RNAV 5 - Enroute/Arrival
RNAV 2 - Enroute/arrival/departure
RNAV - Arrival/departure
RNP4 - Oceanic
RNP2 - Enroute
RNP1 - Arrival/departure
How can RNAV1/RNAV2/RNP1/RNP2 routes be modified by pilots
Inserting or deleting waypoints in the database in response to an ATC clearance
When performing a RNP approach what will lead to a missed approach without visual
Required RNP APCH mode fails to engage
The actual navigation accuracy exceed the required navigation accuracy
The lateral deviation exceeds instrument full scale deflection
TCAS RA (Not TA)
LRNS - Minimum equipment list consists of
Two LRNS - INS + IRS FMS or a GNSS
Explain how navigation systems assess the EPE
The Kalman filter
Measure other nav data GNSS/IRS - comparison between these position data and the FMS position
What’s included in
Nav Application
Nav infrastructure
Nav Specification
Nav Application - STAR/SID
Nav Infrastructure- GNSS
Nav Specification - RNP/RNAV
Angular Operation
Instrument approach ops in which max deviation is expressed in terms of deflection of the needle on the CDI
Linear Operation
Instrument approach operation with maximum tolerable error expressed in units of length such as nautical miles for cross track lateral deviation
A-RNP
5 2 1 2 1 APCH
RNAV 5
RNAV 2
RNAV 1
RNP 2
RNP 1
RNP APCH
How is off track measured in linear operation vs angular operation
Linear operation tells us how far in distance (nm) we are from the desired track
Angular operation - CDI shows deviation related to angle off track. Measures certain amount of degrees off track
Fly by turns vs fly over waypoints compatibility with RNAV and RNP
Fly by turns - RNAV flight path - variation in route due to changing conditions
Fly over turn - RNP flight track
