Performance And Flight Planning Flashcards
Basic splitting up of weight
Basic empty mass
Variable load
Traffic load
Fuel load
What makes up dry operating mass
BEM and variable load
What makes up useful load
Traffic and fuel load
What makes up operating mass
BEM, variable and fuel
ZFM is made up of what
BEM, Variable, Traffic
Where to have C of G for max range
Aft
What is the TORA
Useable length of paved runway available for take off
TORR
Length needed to unstick at Vr plus 1/3 airborne distance between unstick and screen height
TODA
Length of useable runway + clear way that an a/c can use to achieve V2 (TOSS)
What can TODA not exceed
1.5 x TORA
TODR
Distance needed to accelerate to Vr and attain screen height, not less than V2
Screen height normal and wet
35ft, wet is 15ft
ASDA
The distance available that an aircraft can use to stop if take off rejected with critical failure at V1
On a balanced field (TODR with one engine = ASDA), where is screen height achieved
End of runway
Why is screen height for wet reduced
As portion of airborne distance is now on the runway due to longer TORR
What happens if V1 is greater than Vmbe
TOW needs to be reduced
Why does aft c of g mean higher VMCG/A
Due to a shorter moment arm with the tail, meaning more airspeed needed
What is V2 numerically greater than
1.2vs or 1.1 Vmca
7 variables affecting TO and landing perf
- Weight
- Flap setting
- Aerodrome pressure alt (low better)
- Air density
- Humidity
- Wind
- Length, slope, surface
High pressure alt on perf
Less performance due to less air molecules
Decreasing air density (high pressure alt) on performance
Lower performance, Increase in take off distance required
No take off on wet runway when
Anti skid inop
Standing water over a certain depth
Any other type specific limits
First departure segment
Screen height 35ft to gear retraction at V2, positive Roc min 200ft OEI
2nd departure segment
Gear retraction to alt between 400ft and max 1000ft agl, at V2, 2.4% gradient
3rd departure segment
Assumes level flight for flap retraction schedule, positive gradient
4th departure segment
From level off height to net height of 1500ft or more, at MCT, 1.2% gradient
What if close in obstacle limited within second segment
-Increase TO flaps
-Reduce take off weight
-increase V2 climb
-Vx climb
How does increased V2 procedure increase lift
Uses a higher speed, which is a function of lift, so great lifting capabilities
What climb type uses the least trip fuel
Vy
What does Vmca (turb pen speed) provide
Good margin between stall and structural damage
Vdf speed
Max diving speed
Absolute ceiling
Max alt/FL to which an aircraft can climb, unable to climb any further. Low speed and high speed buffet occurs coincidentally, creating coffin corner.
What speed for best endurance speed
Vmd
Max range cruise
Speed for max fuel mileage
3 enroute operating limits
- Enroute obstacle clearance
- Max range limit
- ETOPS limit
Point of no return
Last point where it’s possible to return to dep aerodrome with fuel remaining
Vmcl speed
Minimum speed for directional control in the landing configuration
Vref
Target approach speed over 50ft height at a certain flap setting
What speed is Vat equal to
1.3Vso or 1.23Vs1g
Adjustments to Vref with headwind
50% of HW value, up to 20kts
Greater weight means what for stall speed
Greater stall speed
When does coffin corner occur
When approaching the point at which low speed stall buffet and the onset of high speed Mach buffet approaches zero
Why does coffin corner occur
Due to low speed stall and high speed stall margin decreasing towards zero
What is the critical Mach number
Lowest Mach number at which the airflow over any part of the aircraft reaches speed of sound
What happens if aircraft exceed critical mach number
The drag coefficient increases suddenly causing a sudden increase in total drag and changes to the airflow pattern
Mach tuck
The nose pitch down movement due to the rearward movement of the shock wave as a result of accelerating past the critical Mach number
What happens to Vx and Vy with a climb
Vx constant, Vy decreases
Does CofG position effect SFC
No
What does a higher alt mean for AOA if weight and Mach no constant
Higher
Turbojet landing factor
1.67 (multiple by 1.15 if wet)
If asked what distance used to certify plane…
factor all engines by 1.15, and choose highest of factored number or one engine inop distance
Reference point zero
Point where aircraft reaches 35ft
Vmca
Minimum control speed in the air with max 5 degs bank following loss of the critical engine
What does higher atmospheric pressure mean
Increased engine performance due to more dense air
What atmospheric conditions reduce an aircraft performance
-high temps
-low pressure
-low density
-high alt
-high humidity
