Performance Flashcards

1
Q

¿Cuál es el concepto de Approach Climb?

A

This corresponds to an aircraft’s climb capability, assuming that one engine is inoperative. The “approach climb” wording comes from the fact that go-around performance is based on approach configuration, rather than landing configuration. For Airbus fly-by-wire aircraft, the available approach configurations are CONF 2 and 3.

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2
Q

Cuál es el concepto de Landing Climb?

A

The objective of this constraint is to ensure aircraft climb capability in case of a missed approach with all engines operating. The “Landing climb” wording comes from the fact that go-around performance is based on landing configuration. For Airbus FBW, the available landing configurations are CONF 3 and FULL.

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3
Q

¿Qué significa que una gradiente sea del 2.4%?

A

Garantizar en el sobrepasó 240 FT por cada 100 knots

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4
Q

Convierta la gradiente de 2.4% en FPM, considerando IAS 220 KTS.

A

2.4% x 220 KTS = 528ft x min

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5
Q

Defina “High Speed Stall”

A

At high speed, compressibility effects produce shock waves on the upper wing surface. When Mach number, and/or AoA increase, the airflow separates from the upper surface behind the shock wave, which becomes unstable and induces buffeting of the same type as encountered in the low speed case.

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6
Q

Defina “Coffin Corner”

A

Coffin corner occurs when for a specific gross weight, the aircraft has climbed to an altitude where the speed differential between the low speed stall buffet and the high speed mach buffet approaches to zero.

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7
Q

Defina “Acceleration Altitude”

A

Altitud donde inicia el 3er segmento. El avión acelera y se empieza a limpiar. Está limitada por el tiempo del motor.

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8
Q

Defina “Braking Action”

A

Accion de frenado emitida por un reporte de pilotos o por el control del aeropuerto dependiendo el tipo de avión. Acción de frenado evidenciada dependiendo el estado de la pista (RCAM).

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9
Q

Cuál es la diferencia entre “Actual Landing Distance” y “Required Landing Distance”?

A

Actual Landing Distance : Es la distancia certificada (JAR/FAR 25.125) y demostrada por un piloto de pruebas durante la campaña de certificación de la aeronave, sin márgenes de error, medida desde un punto a 50 ft. de altura sobre la cabecera de la pista y hasta el momento en que el avión se detiene completamente después del aterrizaje. Las condiciones que determinan el ALD son: Velocidad de aproximación igual que el VLS, gradiente de descenso constante de 3.5°, frenado máximo manual iniciado inmediatamente después del aterrizaje, uso de ground spoilers, no usode reversos, Antiskid operativo, pista seca, condiciones atmosféricas estándar, entre otras.

RLD (REQUIRED LANDING DISTANCE)

Es la distancia obtenida mediante la aplicación de un margen regulatorio al ALD.
El RLD es utilizado para temas de despacho (planificación), siendo ejemplos, el cálculo para un destino, un alterno o aeropuerto de contingencia para la ruta de vuelo.

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10
Q

Defina el “Net Takeoff Flight Path”

A

The Net Take-off Flight Path (NTOFP) is the vertical profile of an aircraft beyond the take-off point, giving the minimum height that will be attained by an aircraft flown in accordance with the AFM following failure of the most critical power unit.

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11
Q

Defina “Takeoff Run Available” (TORA)

A

Recorrido de pista disponible. Es la distancia declarada por la autoridad aeroportuaria que comienza en el umbral y termina en el DER (Departure End of Runway), libre de obstáculos y capaz de soportar la aeronave en condiciones normales de operación

Takeoff Run Available (TORA)—The runway length declared available and suitable for the ground run of an airplane taking off. The TORA is typically the physical length of the runway, but it may be shorter than the runway length if necessary to satisfy runway design standards. For example, the TORA may be shorter than the runway length if a portion of the runway must be used to satisfy runway protection zone requirements.

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12
Q

Defina “Takeoff Distance Available” (TODA)

A

Se trata de la distancia de despegue disponible. Viene de la suma de la pista disponible (TORA) más el espacio de CWY disponible si lo hubiera.

Takeoff Distance Available (TODA)—The takeoff run available plus the length of any remaining runway or clearway beyond the far end of the takeoff run available. The TODA is the distance declared available for satisfying takeoff distance requirements for airplanes where the certification and operating rules and available performance data allow for the consideration of a clearway in takeoff performance computations.

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13
Q

Defina “Accelerate – Stop Distance Available” (ASDA)

A

Distancia de Aceleración Parada. Es el resultado de sumar a la TORA (la pista disponible) el SWY, si lo hubiera.

Accelerate-Stop Distance Available (ASDA)—The runway plus stopway length declared available and suitable for the acceleration and deceleration of an airplane aborting a takeoff. The ASDA may be longer than the physical length of the runway when a stopway has been designated available by the airport operator, or it may be shorter than the physical length of the runway if necessary to use a portion of the runway to satisfy runway design standards; for example, where the airport operator uses a portion of the runway to achieve the runway safety area requirement. ASDA is the distance used to satisfy the airplane accelerate-stop distance performance requirements where the certification and operating rules require accelerate-stop distance computations.

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14
Q

Defina “Primer Segmento”

A

El 1er segmento comienza al alcanzar 35’ AGL y termina al haberse replegado por completo el tren. La velocidad será V2 y el ajuste de potencia y flaps será el de
despegue. En este segmento se exige un gradiente de ascenso, con un motor inoperativo y considerándose el efecto suelo de al menos:
.- Positivo para bimotores.
.- Del 0.3% para trimotores.
.- Del 0.5% para cuatrimotores o más.

First Segment: begins at lift off and ends when the
landing gear is fully retracted. The climb requirement in
first segment is a positive gradient, out of ground
effect, for two engine aircraft and 0.3% for three engine
aircraft. The rotation speed, Vr, must be selected so
that V2 is achieved by the time the aircraft reaches 35
feet in the air.

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15
Q

Defina “Segundo Segmento”

A

El segundo segmento comienza con el tren retraído y termina al menos a 400’ AGL. La velocidad en este segmento será V2 y el ajuste de potencia y flaps será de despegue. En
este segmento se exige un gradiente de ascenso con un motor inoperativo de al menos:
2.4% para bimotores.
2.7% para trimotores.
3.0% para cuatrimotores.

Second Segment: begins at the end of first segment
and is continued to not less than 400 feet above the
airport elevation. The climb requirement in second
segment is 2.4% gradient for two engine aircraft and
2.7% for three engine aircraft. Second segment is
usually, but not always the most limiting of the
segments within the takeoff flight path.

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16
Q

Defina “Tercer Segmento”

A

Al 3er segmento también se le llama segmento de aceleración, ya que en él no se exige gradiente alguno de ascenso, y está previsto para acelerar y limpiar el avión. Comienza al menos a 400’ AGL y termina con el avión limpio. Es este segmento se pasan los flaps de configuración de despegue a limpio, y la potencia pasa de TO a MCT.

Third Segment: begins at the end of second segment
and ends when the aircraft reaches the speed for final
segment. While third segment is usually flown in level
flight, the available gradient must be at least equal to
that required in final segment. During third segment the
high lift devices are retracted.

17
Q

Defina “Cuarto Segmento”

A

Al 4o segmento también se le llama segmento final. Comienza con la reducción del empuje a MCT y termina al menos a 1500’ AGL. En este segmento la velocidad será Vclean y el ajuste de potencia no mayor de MCT. El avión estará ya limpio y se le
exigirá un gradiente de ascenso de al menos:
.- 1.2% para bimotores.
.- 1.5% para trimotores.
.- 1.7% para cuatrimotores.

Final Segment: begins when the aircraft reaches the final segment speed and ends when the aircraft reaches 1500 feet above the airport elevation. The climb requirement in final segment is 1.2% gradient for two engine aircraft and 1.5% for three engine aircraft. At the beginning of final segment, the power is reduced to maximum continuous. Each segment must be flown at a constant power setting and the end of the acceleration segment is often coincident with the end of the five minute limitation on Takeoff thrust.

18
Q

Defina V2

A

V2 es la velocidad usada en el segundo segmento del despegue el caso de haber sufrido
un fallo de motor. Se debe alcanzar al pasar por 35’ , suponiendo que se encuentre el avión fuera ya del efecto suelo.
V2 no coincide en absoluto con la velocidad de mejor ángulo de subida (Vx), que es
mayor, pero se considera una velocidad segura que evita tener que acelerar el avión hasta alcanzar Vx, lo que no tendría sentido por precisar de una gran cantidad de pista.

V2≥1,2Vs yV2≥1,1Vmca
Más adelante se comprobará que se consiguen valores más altos de SSLW empleando la
técnica de improved climb with V2 overspeed. Así aproximamos V2 a Vx y conseguimos elevarnos más en menos espacio horizontal recorrido

The take-off safety speed V2 is the speed reached at 35ft above the take-off surface in a take-off with engine failure recognition at V1 and airplane rotation initiated at VR. V2 is not less than 1,2VS or 1,1VMCA, or the speed which allows the airplane to maintain a specified gradient, whichever is greater.