Perceptual Development: Focus on Vision

Question 1

Infants see [–] first and [–] last

Answer 1

• red + green first
• blue last

Question 2

Preferential looking (Frantz)

Answer 2

• newborns prefer looking at something that has some kind of pattern
• if they look at image with details –> they can see details
• look at wide stripes

Question 3

habituation/dishabituation

Answer 3

• habituation: stimulus is repeated and you get used to it
• decrease in response due to repeated stimulation
• dishabituation: rebound/increase in that same response when stimulus changes

Question 4

ERP/EEG

Answer 4

• for younger than the age of doing the visual acuity task use EEG
• evoked response potentials / electro-encephalo-graphy

Question 5

Visual Acuity Task

Answer 5

• stripes
• the higher the frequency (closer together the lines) you can see, the better your discrimination
• if they can discriminate from homogenous block

Question 6

contrast

Answer 6

babies see contrast

Question 7

detail

Answer 7

• missing learning about subtleties of emotional expression, facial recognition

Question 8

in the first month infants focus on

Answer 8

area with most contrast

Question 9

not until 2-3 months are infants able to

Answer 9

explore inner features more thoroughly = restriction of experience

Question 10

infants spend the most time looking at which parts of the face

Answer 10

top of head/hairline

Question 11

adults spend the most time looking at which part of the face

Answer 11

mouth and chin

Question 12

object segmentation

Answer 12

• figuring out where one object ends and one object begins
• finding the distinct, coherent objects in a scene

Question 14

object segregation/segmentation cues for adults

Answer 14

• movement –> moving separately from the table
• independent motion
• physical separation –> space in between objects
• motion (common motion and independent motion)
• top-down knowledge

Question 15

“Top-Down” Knowledge

Answer 15

• thinking based on your prior experience and knowledge
• you use what you already know to make sense of the new information you encounter

Question 16

object segregation cues for infants

Answer 16

• infants use physical separation by at least 2 months
• use motion from birth: rod and block studies
• top-down knowledge

Question 17

Violation-of-Expectation

Answer 17

• infants watches a scene with two alternative outcomes, one expected and one suprising
• as young as 2 months, suprised to see “unexpected” event (compared to only object moving away)

Question 18

Common motion/rod and block studies

Answer 18

• common motion experiment
• 4 month-old percieve single rod
• 2 month olds can do it if rod is wider or box narrower
• failed to replicate in newborns
• success on the task with newborns with stroboscopic stimuli

Question 19

stroboscopic stimuli

Answer 19

• newborns have trouble with smooth tracking
• newborns were suprised by two rods than single rod

Question 20

Depth perception cues

Answer 20

• binocular disparity and stereopsis
• pictorial/monocular cues (occlusion, perspective, texture)
• optical expansion

Question 21

binocular disparity

Answer 21

• difference in where an object lands on both retinas
• more difference = closer
• less difference = farther
• the greater the bionoccular disparity = closer the object

Question 22

stereopsis

Answer 22

developed by 3-4 months
critical period ends 6-8 months but starts to close before then

Question 23

occlusions

Answer 23

• monocular cue
• object knowledge + whether an object is blocking something
• 3-4 months

Question 24

perspective

Answer 24

• monocular cue
• narrower or wider
• 5-7 months

Question 25

texture

Answer 25

• monocular cue
• we see more detail on things that are closer
• 5-7 months

Question 26

optical expansion

Answer 26

• ball is taking more space in retina
• by 3-4 weeks
• later in preterm babies
• blink in response to something getting close to face