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Human Factors Module 2 > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Perception

A

information from gauges, indicators, and signs must be detected and interpreted correctly

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2
Q

Color Perception

A

determine by the wavelength of light reflected from or emitted by an object

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3
Q

Spectral colors

A

a color comprised of a single wavelength

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4
Q

Non-spectral colors

A

a color comprised of more than one wavelength

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5
Q

Additive mixing

A

combinations that increase the amount of light reflected (computer monitors)

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6
Q

Subtractive mixing

A

combinations that reduce the amount of light reflected (paint)

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7
Q

Hue

A

variations described by names such as red, purple, blue, orange, etc.

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8
Q

Saturation

A

apparent purity, vividness, or richness

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9
Q

Lightness

A

dark to light, physically measured in Luminosity, perceived as “brightness”

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10
Q

Color Circle

A

developed by Isaac Newton, describes the dimensions of hue and saturation

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11
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

human color vision, there are 3 types of photoreceptors, corresponding to blue, green, and red, that determine our color perception

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12
Q

Short Cone

A

wavelength (blue) receptors, photopigment: cyanolabe

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13
Q

Medium Cone

A

wavelength (green), photopigment: chlorolabe

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14
Q

Long Cone

A

wavelength (red), photopigment: erythrolabe

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15
Q

Color-Blind

A

color vision abnormality

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16
Q

Dichromatic vision

A

missing one photopigment, have 2 but missing 3rd

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17
Q

Protanopia

A

the long wavelength (red) cones do not contain the erythrolabe

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18
Q

Deutanopia

A

the medium wavelength (green) cones do not contain chlorolabe

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19
Q

Opponent Process Theory

A

color perception is controlled by the activity of two opponent systems: blue-yellow & red-green. Only one color can be signaled at a time

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20
Q

Visual Acuity: Snellen Eye Chart

A

represents the clearness and sharpness of vision

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21
Q

Contrast Sensitivity

A

represents the ability of the visual system to distinguish bright and dim components of a static image. A function of both contrast and the spatial frequency of what is being viewed

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22
Q

Perceptual Organization

A

we don’t perceive color patches and gray and white blobs, we perceive distinct objects. The world we perceive is constructed by cues such as similarities and differences of color. Perception is organized to help us make sense of the world

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23
Q

Gestalt

A

means “essence or shape of an entity’s complete form”

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24
Q

Proximity

A

elements close together are perceived as a group

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25
Q

Similarity

A

similar elements (in terms of color, form, or orientation) are perceived together

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26
Q

Continuity

A

points connected in straight or smoothly curving lines are perceived together

27
Q

Closure

A

open curves are perceived as complete forms

28
Q

Common fate

A

elements moving in the same direction at the same speed are perceived as together

29
Q

Common region

A

an explicit boundary

30
Q

Connectedness

A

explicit lines

31
Q

Depth Perception

A

used to translate physiology and a 2D image on the retina into 3D spatial information

32
Q

Proprioception (Oculomotor Depth Cues)

A

ability to feel what your muscles are doing and where your limbs are positioned

33
Q

Accomodation

A

automatic adjustments of the lens that maintain a focused image on the retina

34
Q

Vergence

A

degree to which the eyes are turned inward to maintain fixation on an object

35
Q

Monocular Depth Cues (pictorial cues)

A

convey impressions of depth in a still image

36
Q

Interposition

A

nearer objects will block the view of more distant objects if they are in the same line of vision

37
Q

Size

A

the “bigness” of an object

38
Q

familiar size cue

A

familiar with how big an object is supposed to be

39
Q

relative size cue

A

not familiar with how big an object is supposed to be but there are multiples of different sizes than those

40
Q

Perspective

A

angles such as when you know something is rectangular but it appears trapezoidal

41
Q

Motion Parallax

A

apparent displacement or difference in position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight

42
Q

Binocular Depth Cues

A

can only be perceived with 2 eyes

43
Q

Binocular disparity

A

each eye receives a slightly different image of the world because of the eye’s location (3D movies)

44
Q

Size and shape constancy

A

we tend to see objects as the same size despite how large the image on our retina

45
Q

Object motion

A

external object is moving, with a single stimulus moving in a stationary background, we can detect movement as slow as 0.5mm per second

46
Q

Induced motion

A

a stationary background causes movement to be attributed to the wrong part of a scene

47
Q

Apparent motion

A

discrete jumps of retinal images can produce the appearance of smooth motion (TV)

48
Q

Vision

A

(most important) Sense

49
Q

Auditory

A

information can be used to convey important information like an ambulance siren (really important sense)

50
Q

Skin senses or touch

A

provide feedback about things like temperature and if your hands are in the right place on the steering wheel

51
Q

Scents

A

can be important if you have propane leaking from your gas grill

52
Q

Taste

A

also plays a role in how we perceive the world, we are motivated to eat good tasting foods

53
Q

Steven’s Law

A

Stevens developed a scale for measuring loudness in which the unit is called a sone

54
Q

Perceived loudness

A

a function of intensity and the length of time it was presented (longer sounds = louder & vice versa, but when continuous = loudness diminishes)

55
Q

Sound localization

A

the ability to locate sounds in space (closer ear hears louder sound)

56
Q

Vestibular System

A

inside ear, allows us to feel the movements of our bodies, works with vision and proprioception to control movements (involuntary)

57
Q

Somesthetic (Touch) System

A

(fingertips & mouth) detects facets of the environment that you can physically feel (sense of touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, pain, and proprioception)

58
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A

More sensitive areas have larger areas in the cortex

59
Q

Absolute thresholds

A

for touch are the smallest amount of touch that is detected, these vary across the body (lowest absolute threshold is on the face)

60
Q

Two-point thresholds

A

are obtained by asking participants if they can determine the distance between two stimuli on their skin, when they are perceived as one stimuli then they are below the two-point threshold (lowest two-point threshold is in the fingers)

61
Q

Passive touch

A

the skin is stationary and an external pressure stimulus is applied to it (use to obtain absolute & two-point thresholds)

62
Q

Active touch

A

the person contacts the stimulus by moving the skin (typing on keyboard w/o looking)

63
Q

4 taste qualities (tastebuds)

A

sweet, salty, sour and bitter, and savory

64
Q

Olfactory Epithelium

A

receptor cells in the nasal cavity

Human Factors Module 2 (4 decks)

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