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Cognitive > Perception 2 > Flashcards

Perception 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define visible light

A

Band of energy within the electromagnetic spectrum

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2
Q

What are different wavelengths of light associated with?

A

Different colour perceptions

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3
Q

What does light consist of?

A

Small packets of energy called photons

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4
Q

What is light intensity (luminance) associated with?

A

Perception of brightness

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5
Q

What is it called when photons collide with particles of matter?

A

Absorption

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6
Q

What is it called when light strikes opaque surfaces?

A

Reflection

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7
Q

What is it called when light passes through transparent matter?

A

Transmission

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8
Q

What does the eye use to project an image onto the retina?

A

Uses convex cornea and lens

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9
Q

What does directional sensitivity represent?

A

The spatial structure rather than sum total of light

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10
Q

What transducer light into an electrical potential?

A

Photoreceptors

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11
Q

What does the electrical potential in the eye reach when it flows through a network of neutrons?

A

Retinal ganglion cells

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12
Q

After the retinal ganglion cells, where does the electric potential go?

A

Back out the eye via the optic nerve

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13
Q

Where are rods located?

A

Peripheral retina

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14
Q

What are rods capable of?

A

Operating in low light levels

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15
Q

What is concentrated in the centre of the retina?

A

Cones

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16
Q

What requires higher light levels to respond?

A

Cones

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17
Q

What has 3 different photopigments, sensitive to short, medium and long wavelengths of light?

A

Cones

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18
Q

What is the main pathway of visual info from the retina to the brain?

A

Retina> optic nerve> optic chiasm> Lateral Geniculate Nucleus > primary visual cortex

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19
Q

What is light intensity related to?

A

Perceived brightness

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20
Q

Regarding bottom-up theories, what does the retina not record?

A

Light intensities

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21
Q

What does the bottom-up theory suggest?

A

Responses are shaped by processes occurring within the retina (light/ dark adaptation and lateral inhibition)

22
Q

What does the top-down theory suggest?

A

The brain uses knowledge about how light interacts with objects when determining perceived brightness

23
Q

What is perceiving a familiar object as having the same brightness under different conditions of illumination?

A

Brightness constancy

24
Q

Is the sensitivity of the retina constantly adjusted to compensate for changes in mean luminance?

A

Yes

25
Q

When is sensitivity reduced in the retina?

A

When the mean intensity of the image is high (visa versa)

26
Q

What does the retina encode?

A

Contrast

27
Q

Define lateral inhibition

A

Early form of info processing in retina- retinal ganglion cells receive both excitatory and inhibitory input from neighbouring photoreceptors

28
Q

What is arranged in a centre-surround configuration across the retinal image?

A

the retinal ganglion cells in the retina

29
Q

What does lateral inhibition do?

A

Makes the visual system sensitive to changes in luminance

30
Q

What happens in your eyes when looking at the Herman grid illusion?

A

The intersections are surrounded by more high intensity (white). This results in more inhibition from the surround in on-center, off-surround receptive fields

31
Q

Regarding top-down influences, how to we perceive the Checker-shadow illusion?

A

Our visual systems use knowledge of how light interacts with 3D objets when determining brightness

32
Q

Why does the world appear in lacking of colour under low-light conditions?

A

Only rod photoreceptors are sensitive enough to operate, of which contain a single type of photopigment (rhodopsin). Light of different wavelengths can elicit identical responses, making it impossible to accurately signal different wavelengths

33
Q

What are S-cones?

A

Cones that are preferentially sensitive to short wavelengths (blue cones)

34
Q

What are M-cones?

A

Cones that are preferentially sensitive to middle wavelengths (green cones)

35
Q

What are L-cones?

A

Cones that are preferentially sensitive to long wavelengths (red cones)

36
Q

What does the relative outputs of the 3 cone types allow?

A

Unambiguous signalling of wavelength

37
Q

What is Monochromacy?

A

When individuals have 0 or 1 functioning cones type, resulting in complete colour blindness (extremely rare)

38
Q

What is Dichromacy?

A

When one has only 2 functioning cone types

39
Q

What is Protanopia?

A

When one is missing L-cones

40
Q

What is Deuteranopia?

A

When one is missing M-cones

41
Q

What is Tritanopia?

A

When one is missing S-cones

42
Q

What is Anomalous trichomacy?

A

Defect in one of the cone types- more common form of colour perception deficiency

43
Q

What is Protanomaly?

A

L-cone deficit

44
Q

What is Deuteranomoly?

A

M-cone deficit

45
Q

What is Tritanonomaly?

A

S-cone deficit

46
Q

How is Anomalous trichromacy commonly assessed?

A

Ishihara Colour test

47
Q

What is Colour opponency?

A

When retinal ganglion cells receive excitatory and inhibitory input from different cone types- resulting in distinct Red/Green and Blue-Yellow pathways

48
Q

How can colour opponent be demonstrated?

A

By using negative afterimages

49
Q

Explain colour opponency in relation to red and green

A

Adaption to red causes a reduction in the sensitivity of long wavelength cones, creating an imbalance in the inputs to red/green opponent retinal ganglion cells

50
Q

Define colour constancy

A

The tendency for the perceived colour of objects to remain the same, even if the lighting changes

51
Q

How do we try to achieve colour constancy?

A

By accounting for the intensity and composition of light hitting different surfaces

Cognitive (6 decks)

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