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psychology paper 1 > perception > Flashcards

perception Flashcards

1
Q

what is sensation

A

physical stimulation of the five senses processed by sense receptors

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2
Q

what is perception

A

brain interpreting and organising sensory information

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3
Q

what is the difference between sensation and perception

A

sensation is the detection of a stimulus.
perception is interpreting what it means

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4
Q

what are the theories of perception

A

Gregory sees a difference between sensation and perception.
Gibson does not

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5
Q

what does Gibsons theory suggest

A

perception doesn’t draw on past experience

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6
Q

what does Gibson say about sufficient information for direct perception

A

sensation and perception are the same.
the eyes detect everything we need without having to make inferences

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7
Q

what does Gibson say about optic flow patterns

A

when moving, things in the distance appear stationary and everything else rushes past.
provides perceptual information about speed and distance

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8
Q

what does Gibson say about motion parallax

A

a monocular depth cue.
when we are moving past them, closer objects appear to move faster than objects that are further away .
provides perceptual information about speed and distance

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9
Q

what does Gibson say about the influence of nature

A

perception is inborn not learned

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10
Q

give two evaluation points for gibsons direct theory of perception

A

real world meaning - research was on world war 2 pilots, so relevant to daily life

theory struggles to explain visual illusions- perception is seen as accurate but illusions trick the brain, so theory is incomplete

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11
Q

what does Gregory’s theory say

A

proposes that sensation and perception are not the same

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12
Q

what does Gregory say about perception as a contrast

A

brain uses incoming information and information we already know to form a hypothesis/guess

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13
Q

what does Gregory say about inference

A

the brain fills in the gaps to create a conclusion about what is being seen

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14
Q

what does Gregory say about visual cues

A

visual illusions occur because of incorrect conclusions from visual cues

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15
Q

what does Gregory say about past experiences and the role of nurture

A

perception is learned from experience.
the more we interact the more sophisticated our perception

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16
Q

give two evaluation points for Gregory’s constructivist theory of perception

A

support from research in different cultures- people interpret visual cues different showing experience affects perception

visual illusions- Gregory’s research used 2D visual illusion which are artificial, so theory may not apply to the real world

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17
Q

what is a visual cue?

A

information about movement or distance

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18
Q

what are constancies?

A

seeing objects as the same from different angles and distances

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19
Q

what is a binocular depth cue

A

two eyes

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20
Q

what is retinal disparity

A

difference between the view of the left and right eye gives brain about depth and distance

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21
Q

what is convergence

A

eyes point closer together when an object is close.
muscles work harder so know distance and depth

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22
Q

what are monocular depth cues

A

one eye

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23
Q

what is height in plane

A

objects higher up appear further away

24
Q

what is relative size

A

smaller objects appear further away

25
what is occlusion
if one object obscures part of another object, it is seen as closer
26
what is linear perspective
parallel lines appear closer as they become more distant
27
what is the ponzo illusion
misinterpreted depth cue perceive horizontal line higher up as longer
28
what is the muller lyer illusion
misinterpreted depth cue two vertical lines same length line with outgoing fins seems longer
29
what is Rubin’s vase
ambiguous figure face and vase, both pictures correct, brain alternates
30
what is the Ames room
misinterpreted depth cue room shape of a trapezoid people seen as different sizes even though they are the same
31
what is size constancy
objects perceived as constant size despite size on retina changing with distance
32
what is a misinterpreted depth cue
objects apparently in the distance scaled up by brain to look normal size, cause visual illusions
33
what are ambiguous figures
two possible interpretations of image, brain cannot decide which is correct necker cube- cube can be seen as point upwards to the right or downwards to the left
34
what is fiction
seeing something that is not there kanizsa triangle- contours to create impression of a second triangle
35
what was the aim of Hudsons study of culture
to find out whether different cultures perceive depth cues in 2D images differently
36
what was the method of hudsons study
showed 2D drawings to black and white children, schooled and unschooled children were asked which is nearer the man, the elephant or the antelope
37
what were the results of hudsons study
black and white schooled participants more likely to perceive depth than unschooled participants white school participants more likely to perceive depth than black schooled participants
38
what was the conclusion of hudsons study
different cultures use depth cues different so have perceptual set
39
give 2 evaluation points of hudsons study
cross cultural research - language differences could have made method used unclear, so validity is affected problems with the method - the way the pictures are presented may have confused participants affecting findings
40
what was McGinnies study of emotion aim
to know if anxiety provoking things are noticed more than neutral things
41
method of mcginnies study
students shown neutral and taboo words hard to say word out loud emotion arousal measured through GSR
42
results of mcginnies study
took longer to say taboo words taboo words gave bigger chance in GSR
43
conclusion of mcginnies study
emotion affects perceptual set, in this case perceptual defence
44
give 2 evaluation points of mcginnies study
objective measurement - GSR is a scientific method to measure emotion, better than rating scales embarrassment not defence - delayed recognition may just be embarrassment not perceptual defence
45
what is the aim of gilchrist and nesburgs study of motivation
to find out if food deprivation affects the perception of food
46
what was the method of gilchrist and nesbergs study
hungry (no food for 20 hours) and not hungry participants were shown a slide of a meal. Had to adjust light to level of slide shown
47
what were the results of gilchrist and nesburgs study
perceived food as brighter the longer deprived of food
48
what was the conclusion of gilchrist and nesbergs study
sensitivity greater when food deprived. hunger is a motivating factor that affects perception of food
49
give 2 evaluation points of gilchrist and nesbergs study of motivation
support from similar studies - Sanford’s study found similar results which strengthens the validity of the conclusions ethical issues - depriving people of food causes discomfort, a case of physical harm
50
what was the aim of Bruner and minturns study of expectation
to find out if an ambiguous figure is seen differently if context is changed
51
what is the method of Bruner and minturns study
participants shown a sequence of letters or numbers with an ambiguous figure in the middle
52
results of Bruner and minturns study
those who saw letters said B those who saw numbers said 13
53
conclusion of Bruner and minturns study
shows expectation is affected by the context the figure is presented
54
give 2 evaluation points for Bruner and minturns study of expectation
artificial task - ambiguous figures are designed to trick perception, so task lacks validity independent groups design - participant variables may have caused the difference in results not expectation
55
what are the 4 factors affecting perception
culture emotion motivation expectation

psychology paper 1 (4 decks)

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