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psychology paper 1 > perception > Flashcards

perception Flashcards

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1
Q

what is sensation

A

physical stimulation of the five senses processed by sense receptors

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2
Q

what is perception

A

brain interpreting and organising sensory information

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3
Q

what is the difference between sensation and perception

A

sensation is the detection of a stimulus.
perception is interpreting what it means

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4
Q

what are the theories of perception

A

Gregory sees a difference between sensation and perception.
Gibson does not

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5
Q

what does Gibsons theory suggest

A

perception doesn’t draw on past experience

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6
Q

what does Gibson say about sufficient information for direct perception

A

sensation and perception are the same.
the eyes detect everything we need without having to make inferences

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7
Q

what does Gibson say about optic flow patterns

A

when moving, things in the distance appear stationary and everything else rushes past.
provides perceptual information about speed and distance

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8
Q

what does Gibson say about motion parallax

A

a monocular depth cue.
when we are moving past them, closer objects appear to move faster than objects that are further away .
provides perceptual information about speed and distance

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9
Q

what does Gibson say about the influence of nature

A

perception is inborn not learned

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10
Q

give two evaluation points for gibsons direct theory of perception

A

real world meaning - research was on world war 2 pilots, so relevant to daily life

theory struggles to explain visual illusions- perception is seen as accurate but illusions trick the brain, so theory is incomplete

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11
Q

what does Gregory’s theory say

A

proposes that sensation and perception are not the same

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12
Q

what does Gregory say about perception as a contrast

A

brain uses incoming information and information we already know to form a hypothesis/guess

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13
Q

what does Gregory say about inference

A

the brain fills in the gaps to create a conclusion about what is being seen

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14
Q

what does Gregory say about visual cues

A

visual illusions occur because of incorrect conclusions from visual cues

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15
Q

what does Gregory say about past experiences and the role of nurture

A

perception is learned from experience.
the more we interact the more sophisticated our perception

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16
Q

give two evaluation points for Gregory’s constructivist theory of perception

A

support from research in different cultures- people interpret visual cues different showing experience affects perception

visual illusions- Gregory’s research used 2D visual illusion which are artificial, so theory may not apply to the real world

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17
Q

what is a visual cue?

A

information about movement or distance

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18
Q

what are constancies?

A

seeing objects as the same from different angles and distances

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19
Q

what is a binocular depth cue

A

two eyes

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20
Q

what is retinal disparity

A

difference between the view of the left and right eye gives brain about depth and distance

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21
Q

what is convergence

A

eyes point closer together when an object is close.
muscles work harder so know distance and depth

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22
Q

what are monocular depth cues

A

one eye

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23
Q

what is height in plane

A

objects higher up appear further away

24
Q

what is relative size

A

smaller objects appear further away

25
Q

what is occlusion

A

if one object obscures part of another object, it is seen as closer

26
Q

what is linear perspective

A

parallel lines appear closer as they become more distant

27
Q

what is the ponzo illusion

A

misinterpreted depth cue
perceive horizontal line higher up as longer

28
Q

what is the muller lyer illusion

A

misinterpreted depth cue
two vertical lines same length
line with outgoing fins seems longer

29
Q

what is Rubin’s vase

A

ambiguous figure
face and vase, both pictures correct, brain alternates

30
Q

what is the Ames room

A

misinterpreted depth cue
room shape of a trapezoid
people seen as different sizes even though they are the same

31
Q

what is size constancy

A

objects perceived as constant size despite size on retina changing with distance

32
Q

what is a misinterpreted depth cue

A

objects apparently in the distance scaled up by brain to look normal size, cause visual illusions

33
Q

what are ambiguous figures

A

two possible interpretations of image, brain cannot decide which is correct

necker cube- cube can be seen as point upwards to the right or downwards to the left

34
Q

what is fiction

A

seeing something that is not there

kanizsa triangle- contours to create impression of a second triangle

35
Q

what was the aim of Hudsons study of culture

A

to find out whether different cultures perceive depth cues in 2D images differently

36
Q

what was the method of hudsons study

A

showed 2D drawings to black and white children, schooled and unschooled

children were asked which is nearer the man, the elephant or the antelope

37
Q

what were the results of hudsons study

A

black and white schooled participants more likely to perceive depth than unschooled participants
white school participants more likely to perceive depth than black schooled participants

38
Q

what was the conclusion of hudsons study

A

different cultures use depth cues different so have perceptual set

39
Q

give 2 evaluation points of hudsons study

A

cross cultural research - language differences could have made method used unclear, so validity is affected

problems with the method - the way the pictures are presented may have confused participants affecting findings

40
Q

what was McGinnies study of emotion aim

A

to know if anxiety provoking things are noticed more than neutral things

41
Q

method of mcginnies study

A

students shown neutral and taboo words
hard to say word out loud
emotion arousal measured through GSR

42
Q

results of mcginnies study

A

took longer to say taboo words
taboo words gave bigger chance in GSR

43
Q

conclusion of mcginnies study

A

emotion affects perceptual set, in this case perceptual defence

44
Q

give 2 evaluation points of mcginnies study

A

objective measurement - GSR is a scientific method to measure emotion, better than rating scales

embarrassment not defence - delayed recognition may just be embarrassment not perceptual defence

45
Q

what is the aim of gilchrist and nesburgs study of motivation

A

to find out if food deprivation affects the perception of food

46
Q

what was the method of gilchrist and nesbergs study

A

hungry (no food for 20 hours) and not hungry participants were shown a slide of a meal.
Had to adjust light to level of slide shown

47
Q

what were the results of gilchrist and nesburgs study

A

perceived food as brighter the longer deprived of food

48
Q

what was the conclusion of gilchrist and nesbergs study

A

sensitivity greater when food deprived.
hunger is a motivating factor that affects perception of food

49
Q

give 2 evaluation points of gilchrist and nesbergs study of motivation

A

support from similar studies - Sanford’s study found similar results which strengthens the validity of the conclusions

ethical issues - depriving people of food causes discomfort, a case of physical harm

50
Q

what was the aim of Bruner and minturns study of expectation

A

to find out if an ambiguous figure is seen differently if context is changed

51
Q

what is the method of Bruner and minturns study

A

participants shown a sequence of letters or numbers with an ambiguous figure in the middle

52
Q

results of Bruner and minturns study

A

those who saw letters said B
those who saw numbers said 13

53
Q

conclusion of Bruner and minturns study

A

shows expectation is affected by the context the figure is presented

54
Q

give 2 evaluation points for Bruner and minturns study of expectation

A

artificial task - ambiguous figures are designed to trick perception, so task lacks validity

independent groups design - participant variables may have caused the difference in results not expectation

55
Q

what are the 4 factors affecting perception

A

culture
emotion
motivation
expectation

psychology paper 1 (4 decks)

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