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psychology paper 1 > development > Flashcards

development Flashcards

1
Q

what is the brain stem

A

highly developed at birth
connects brain to spinal cord
autonomic functions

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2
Q

what is the cerebellum

A

matures late
near top of spinal cord
autonomic functions

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3
Q

what is the thalamus

A

deep inside the brain in each hemisphere
information hub, receives and then sends signals around the brain

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4
Q

what is the cortex

A

very thin and folded cover
thinking and processing
frontal, visual, auditory, motor areas in each hemisphere

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5
Q

what are the roles of nature and nurture

A

nature is inherited and nurture is environmental influences on development

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6
Q

what does smoking do

A

smoking during pregnancy can lead to smaller brains for baby

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7
Q

what can infection do

A

in the womb, German measles can lead to hearing loss

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8
Q

what do voices do

A

babies learn to recognise a mothers voice

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9
Q

what is the interaction between nature and nurture

A

the brain forms due to nature but the environment has a major influence even in the womb

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10
Q

what is Piagets theory

A

changes in thinking ( cognition) over time
children think differently from adults

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11
Q

what does Piaget say about stages

A

different kinds of logical thinking occur at each stage

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12
Q

what does Piaget say about schemas

A

mental structures containing knowledge
schemas become more complex through assimilation and accommodation

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13
Q

what does Piaget say about assimilation

A

adding new information to an existing schema

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14
Q

what does Piaget say about accommodation

A

receiving new information that changes our understanding so a new schema is formed

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15
Q

give 2 evaluation points for piagets theory

A

research evidence - many studies have been conducted to test piagets theory, which has helped improve our understanding of how children’s thinking develops

real world application - the theory has helped change classroom based teaching so it is now more activity based

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16
Q

what was the mcgarrigle and Donaldsons aim with the naughty teddy study

A

to see if a deliberate change in the row of counters would help younger children conserve

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17
Q

what was the method of the naughty teddy study

A

children aged 4-6 years
two rows of counters, teddy messed up one of them. Child asked if rows were the same

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18
Q

what were the results of the naughty teddy study

A

deliberate change - 41% conserved
accidental change - 68% conserved
older children did better than the younger ones

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19
Q

conclusion of the naughty teddy study

A

piagets method doesn’t show what children can do, this study does show there are still age related changes

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20
Q

give 2 evaluation points for the naughty teddy study

A

the sample - primary school sample
From one school, so comparisons between groups may not be valid

the change was not noticed - children may appear to conserve because they simply didn’t notice the change as they were distracted by the teddy

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21
Q

what is egocentrism

A

seeing the world only from one’s own point of view

Piagets 3 mountains task

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22
Q

Hugh’s policeman doll study aim

A

to create a test that would make more sense than Piagets

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23
Q

policeman doll study method

A

3 1/2 to 5 year olds asked to hide a boy doll from two policeman.
They were given practice first with one doll

24
Q

policeman doll study results

A

90% could hide the boy doll away from two policemen
3 year olds did less well with a more complex task

25
policeman doll study conclusions
children aged 4 years are mostly not egocentric,. Piaget underestimated abilities but was right that thinking changes with age
26
give 2 evaluation points of the policeman doll study
more realistic - task made better sense to children and they were given practice so they understood, so a more realistic test of abilities effects of expectations - unconscious cues from the researcher may have influenced the children’s behaviour, so the results lack validity
27
what is the sensorimotor stage
0-2 years, learn to coordinate sensory and motor information object permanence develops
28
what is the pre operational stage
2-7 years, can’t think consistently in a logical ways egocentric and lack conservation
29
what is the concrete operational stage
7-11 years, at 7 most children can conserve and show less egocentrism, logical thinking applied to physical objects only
30
what is the formal operational stage
11+ years, children can draw conclusions about abstract concepts and form arguments
31
give 2 evaluation points of stages of cognitive development
underestimated children’s abilities - some types of thinking develop earlier than Piaget proposed overestimated children’s abilities - suggested that children 11+ are capable of abstract reasoning
32
what is readiness
can only teach something when child is biologically ready
33
what is learning by discovery and the teachers role
children must play an active role. Teachers should challenge schemas
34
what is individual learning
children go through the same stages in the same order but at different rates
35
what is dwecks mindset theory
the set of assumptions we have affects success Success is due to effort not talent
36
what is a fixed mindset
effort won’t help because talent is fixed in the genes, focused on performance
37
what is a growth mindset
can improve with effort, enjoy challenge, focused on learning goals
38
how does a fixed mindset deal with failure
failure indicated lack of talent, so give up
39
how does a growth mindset deal with failure
opportunity to learn and put in more effort
40
what is a continuum
not simply one or the other (fixed or growth) , depends on the situation
41
give 2 evaluation points of dwecks mindset theory
research support - dweck found children taught a growth mindset had better grades and motivation both mindsets involve praise - praising effort still leads to doing things for approval so can discourage independent behaviour
42
what is the positive effect of praise
it’s a reward, it makes someone feel good so behaviour is repeated
43
why should you praise effort not performance
praising effort enables control. praising performance is demotivating
44
what is self efficacy
understanding your own abilities. Self efficacy increases or decreases future success
45
what is the effect of self efficacy on motivation
greater effort, persist longer, greater task performance and more resilience if higher self efficacy
46
what is a learning style
people differ in how they learn, matching teaching to learning style should improve learning
47
what is a verbaliser
focus on words, processing by hearing or reading information and talking about it
48
what is a visualiser
processing information by seeing spatial relationships using diagrams, mindmaps etc
49
what is a kinaesthetic learner
learning by active exploration, making things, physical activities
50
what is willinghams learning theory
educational ideas should be evidence based. cognitive psychology and neuroscience can be used to improve learning
51
what does willinghams theory say about praise
praising effort should be unexpected. praise before a task led to less motivation in the future
52
what does willinghams theory say about memory and forgetting
forgetting occurs because of a lack of cues. practice retrieving information from memory
53
what does willinghams theory say about self regulation
self control (marshmallow test) linked to high academic performance
54
what does willinghams theory say about neuroscience
brain waves in dyslexics are different. this could benefit progress by receiving help earlier
55
give 2 evaluation points of willinghams learning theory
evidence based on theory - based on scientific evidence giving the theory greater validity real world application - positive impact on education as an alternative to learning styles

psychology paper 1 (4 decks)

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