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PSYC midterm 2 > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

1
Q

What is perception

A

The set of processes by which we recognize, organize, and make sense of the sensations we receive from environmental stimuli

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2
Q

Is what we sense in our sensory organs they same as what we perceive

A

No

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3
Q

Problem solved by perception

A

Understand what is going on outside of the brain

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4
Q

Importance of perception

A

Necessary in order to know how to act in the world to achieve goals

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5
Q

Inverse problem of perception

A

Create a representation (perception) of what is out in the world (the distal stimulus) from what we sense (proximal stimulus)

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6
Q

Sources of information for perception

A

Genes
Past experience
Internal state
Environmental context
Proximal stimulus

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7
Q

What we learned on the timescale of evolution

A

Genes

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8
Q

Information learned on timescale of a human life

A

Past experience

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9
Q

Information learned on timescale of current episode

A

Internal state

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10
Q

Information learned now

A

Environmental context

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11
Q

Proximal stimulus

A

The stimulus itself -> pattern of light on eye
The energy or matter that impinges on the sensory receptors

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12
Q

Sensory system function

A

Do the conversion of proximal stimulus into neural signals

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13
Q

General sensory system steps

A

Distal stimulus
Proximal stimulus
Sensory receptors
Neural pathways
Hierarchy of cortical areas
Percept

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14
Q

Distal stimulus

A

Thing out in the world

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15
Q

Sensory receptos function

A

Specialized cells to transduce (convert) external phenomena (light, sound, pressure, etc…) into neural signals

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16
Q

Neural pathway

A

APs travel from sensory receptors via thalamic nuclei to cerebral cortex

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17
Q

Function of Hierarchy of cortical areas

A

Attempt to construct useful representation of distal stimulus

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18
Q

Percept definition

A

Mental representation of the distal stimulus after all the neural processing

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19
Q

Function of cornea

A

focuses light

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20
Q

Function of lens in eye

A

muscles cause it to change shape and focus light onto the retina

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21
Q

Retina

A

back surface of eye

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22
Q

Fovea

A

most sensitive part of retina where the light we are looking directly at lands
contains mostly cones

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23
Q

Optic disk

A

part of retina that has no photoreceptors → blind spot
Where cell axons exit the eye to form the optic nerve

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24
Q

Optic nerve

A

ganglion cell axons leaving the eye

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25
Q

Types of neurons in eye

A

Bipolar cells
Ganglion cells
Rods and cones (photoreceptors)

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26
Q

Explain the path of light into the eye

A

Light comes in onto the surface of the retina and passes through all the cell to get to the photoreceptors

Photoreceptos send signal to bipolar cells, which send signal to ganglion cells

Ganglion cell axons form the optic nerve

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27
Q

Photoreceptor function

A

Convert light into neural signals

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28
Q

Rod function and types

A

Only one type
don’t detect color
Just detects how much light there
Used in dim light

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29
Q

Cone function

A

Detect colour –> specific wavelengths
Used in bright lights
3 types:
S cones –> short wavelength
M cones –> medium wave
L –> long wavelength

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30
Q

Distribution of receptors on retina

A

Fovea contains only cones –> higher acuity

lots more rods in the periphery (greater eccentricity) –> lower visual acuity –> better dark vision out to the side

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31
Q

Can rods and cones increase their sensitivity

A

Yes

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32
Q

Where do the visual fields end up on the retina

A

Both visual fields end up on both retina
- Left visual field lands on right side of each eye
- Right visual field lands on left side of each eye

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33
Q

Where does the partial crossover of optic nerves occur

A

optic chiasm

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34
Q

Where does the left visual field end up

A

Right primary visual cortex (V1)

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35
Q

Where does the right visual field end up

A

Left primary visual cortex (V1)

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36
Q

How does the information from the visual field get flipped

A

Left/right and up/down

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37
Q

Single pathway of information from eye

A

Ganglion cells
LGN (thalamus)
Optic radiations
Primary visual cortex (V1)

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38
Q

Along which sulcus is V1 located

A

Calcarine sulcus

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39
Q

What is sound

A

changes in air pressure

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40
Q

What does the ear drum do

A

Ear drum (tympanum) converts changes in air pressure into mechanical vibrations

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41
Q

Where do the mechanical vibrations from the Ear drum travel to next

A

through bones of middle ear (ossicles) to oval window of cochlea

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42
Q

What are the sound receptor in the cochlea that detect vibration

A

Hair cells

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43
Q

Where does transaction of vibrations occur

A

Organ of Corti in between the tubes of the cochlea

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44
Q

Outer ear function

A

funnels sound into the ear

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45
Q

Middle ear parts

A

eardrum and ossicles

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46
Q

Inner ear parts

A

Cochlea

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47
Q

Names of ossicles

A

malleus
incus
stapes

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48
Q

What do ossicles do

A

pushes against oval window of the cochlea

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49
Q

What travels through the cochlea

A

pressure waves

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50
Q

What is the organ of corti made up of

A

Hair cells on a basilar membrane and has a loose membrane on top

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51
Q

What causes the hair cell ion channels to open or close

A

Tiplinks pull on ion channels when they swing one way and ions go in

when it swings the other way they close

mechanically gated

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52
Q

Organization of basilar membrane of cochlea

A

Which hair cell is active depends on frequency

Low frequency near tip
High frequency near base

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53
Q

Primary auditory pathway steps

A

Auditory nerve
Cochlear nuclei (medulla)
Superior olivary nucleus (pons)
Superior olivary nucleus (pons)
Inferior colliculus (midbrain)
Medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus)
Primary auditory cortex (temporal lobe)

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54
Q

Does auditory info switch sides

A

no because sound always arrives at both ears

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55
Q

Mechanoreception

A

Detects pressure, texture, vibration and distortion
Touch

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56
Q

Thermoception:

A

Detects hot and cold

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57
Q

Nocioception

A

Detects harmful chemical, mechanical, or thermal stimuli (too hot/cold)

Pain –> tissue damage

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58
Q

Proprioception

A

Detects mechanical forces on muscles, tendons and joints

Lets us know where we are relative to our body

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59
Q

Primary somatosensory pathway steps

A

Dorsal root ganglion (PNS)
Gracile/cuneate nuclei (medulla)
Ventral posterior nuclei (thalamus)
Primary somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe)

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60
Q

Where do all three sensory pathways pass

A

Thalamus and then to the cortex

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61
Q

Types of mechanoreceptors and meaning

A

RA1: Meissner corpuscle
RA2: Pacinian corpuscle
SA1: Merkel disk receptor
SA2: Ruffini endings

RA: rapidly adapting
SA: slowly adapting
1: close to surface –> smaller area of skin
2: deeper –> larger area of skin

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62
Q

Sensory adaptation definition

A

The proximal stimulus is represented on a relative scale, not an absolute scale

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63
Q

Where does the influence of context on perception occur

A

very early in the sensory pathways (eg: in the eye itself)

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64
Q

What does the sensitivity of the visual system to a light stimulus depend on

A

the ambient light level

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65
Q

How do photoreceptors adapt to changes in ambient light

A

Photoreceptors adjust their sensitivity depending on the environment light

Shifts between depending on rods or cones after they can’t adapt anymore

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66
Q

Will a faint light that is detected in a dark room also cause the same response of a ganglion cell in a light

A

No, you would need a brighter light in an lighter environment

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67
Q

State Weber’s law and equation

A

The JND is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus
∆I/I =K

68
Q

What is the JND

A

The “just noticeable difference” (JND) is the smallest detectable change (∆I) in a stimulus (I)

69
Q

What is K in webers law and give example

A

K is the Weber fraction
K=0.05 = 5% difference noticable

70
Q

What stays the same according to webers law

A

Ratio between size of JND and the size of the stimulus itself stays about the same

71
Q

Purpose of webers law

A

Determine how small of a stimulus we can detect in a given situation

72
Q

Does the Weber fraction stay the same in auditory adaptation

A

Yes

73
Q

Weber’s law and weight explained

A

Need a larger difference (JND) in weight for heavier objects but the ratio stays the same

74
Q

If the just noticeable difference for a 100g object is 5g then what is the JND for a 200g object

A

20g

75
Q

Somatosensory adaptation function of SA and RA mechanoreceptors

A

Need rapid adaptors to detect texture
Need slower adaptors to detect weight or ongoing pressure

76
Q

What is a receptive field

A

Area of sensory surface to which a neuron responds perceptual

77
Q

Explain what Perceptual resolution and acuity are inversely
related to sensory receptive field size means

A

Smaller receptive field –> higher acuity/resolution

Larger receptive field –> less acuity/resolution

78
Q

is resolution better for cones in the fovea or periphery

A

Fovea because they are more packed –> smaller receptive field

79
Q

What size are the receive filed for higher order neurons and what is the complexity of the stimuli they respond to

A

Higher-order neurons have larger receptive fields –> combine info from lots of photo receptors

Higher-order neurons respond to more complex sensory stimuli –> tree or cloud

80
Q

What is the visual receptive field of a cone

A

area on retina

81
Q

How does the visual receptive field vary with eccentricity

A

Receptive fields get bigger farther out in the periphery

82
Q

Explain what the receptive field of a retinal ganglion cell consists of

A

Lots of photoreceptors send output to a smaller number of bipolar cells
The bipolar cells send the output to one ganglion cell

83
Q

Explain visual centre-surround receptive field of ganglion cell

A

On center-surround cells: excited when light hits the center and inhibited in the surround

Off center-surround cells: inhibited by light in the middle and excited by light in the surround

84
Q

What would happen to a centre surround cell if you shined light on both the surround and the centre

A

It would mostly cancel out

85
Q

What would happen if you make the surround dark for a surround centre cell

A

Cell would be very excited

86
Q

How do we get a centre surround system

A

Done by wiring of the ganglion cells to other cells by combining excitatory and inhibitory inputs –> can make ON or OFF centre cells

87
Q

What is the auditory receptive field of a hair cell

A

frequency of sound

88
Q

What is the receptive field of a mechanoreceptor

A

area on skin

89
Q

Where do receptive field size and acuity vary in the body

A

Tips of fingers have smaller receptive fields → high acuity/resolution
Back/thigh has large receptive fields → high acuity/resolution

90
Q

Where do receptors respond strongest to touch

A

when touch is right above

91
Q

Explain the somatosensory center-surround receptive fields and Lateral inhibition

A

Relay neurons (farther down the pathway) responds strongly to the touch in the center and respond negatively to touch in the periphery of the receptive field

92
Q

What is the topography of the brain and its characteristics

A

Spatial organization (topography) of sensory surface is generally preserved in (projected onto) primary sensory cortex

93
Q

If two sensory receptors are found next to each other where will they be represented in the cortex

A

beside each other

94
Q

What is cortical magnification

A

Area of cortex is proportional to density of sensory receptors (and inversely related to receptive field size)

More receptors → smaller receptive field → more space on cortex

95
Q

What is a retinotropic map and what does it show

A

Topographic map for vision
Location of a stimulus on the surface of the retina is being mapped onto the surface of primary visual cortex neural tissue (V1) in the occipital lobe

96
Q

How is the retinotropic map different from the representation on the retina

A

Stimulus is flipped upside down and left/right

Cortical magnification can be seen

97
Q

What part of our visual field is being processed the most and to what extend

A

The center 10 degrees of the retina takes up more than ½ of V1 space → cortical magnification

98
Q

What is a tonotropic map and what does it show

A

topographic map for audition
In primary auditory cortex (temporal lobe) is organized by frequency

99
Q

What is a somatotopic map and what does it show

A

topographic map for somatosensory

It shows the organization of primary somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe) by body area

100
Q

Where is the upper left side of the body represented on the primary somatosensory cortex

A

on the lower right side

101
Q

What areas take up a lot of space on the primary somatosensory cortex –> cortical magnification

A

hand and face

102
Q

What does the Somatosensory homunculus show

A

a map along the cerebral cortex of where each part of the body is processed –> preserving the relative organization of different body parts

103
Q

How are the topographic maps for taste represented

A

Based on taste quality (sweet, salty, sour, etc)

104
Q

What is plasticity and where does it occur

A

Changes in neural organization
Occurs from the molecular to the systems level

105
Q

What is synaptic plasticity and cortical plasticity

A

Synaptic plasticity: Changes in the strength of synapses
Cortical reorganization: Changes in topographic maps

106
Q

What does creating a lesion in the retina of both eyes lead to and what happens

A

overtime the neurons now respond to activation of adjacent areas on retina

Lesion of the visual field (in both eyes!) leads to reorganization in primary visual cortex

107
Q

What happens to somatotropic maps after amputation of limbs and how can this help patients

A

After amputation of arm, pursing of lips
causes perceived sensation in missing arm

Could scratch lips to get rid of itch in phantom limb

overtime the cells from primary somatosensory cortex begin to respond to receptive fields for other body parts

108
Q

What is hierchial organization

A

Moving from lower-order sensory neurons
(those closer to sensory receptors)
to higher-order sensory neurons
(those farther from sensory receptors)

How information is processed after it reaches the cortex

109
Q

What are lower-order motor neurons vs higher order motor neurons

A

Lower –>those closer to sensory receptors
Higher –> those farther from sensory receptors

110
Q

What happens to receptive fields, sensory features, processing, and multi sensory integration as we move up the hierarchy in the brain

A

Receptive fields get larger
Sensory features get more complex (and abstract)
Sensory features get more specific
Processing proceeds in serial (sequentially),
in parallel (simultaneously), and is recurrent (loops)
Multi-sensory integration increases

111
Q

What is recurrent processing

A

Connections from higher order areas back down

112
Q

Basic function of the hierarchy in the brain

A

Start off with raw sensory information and we start processing it, combining it, refining it to get increasingly specific representations

113
Q

What is the order of the cortical hierarchy found in the brain for visual, auditory, somatosensory systems

A

Start in primary cortex –> secondary cortex –> tertiary cortex

114
Q

Hierarchy in visual system examples

A

Serial, parallel, and recurrent processing in the visual system
Info goes from V1, to V2 to V3 to V4 → serial processing
V1 is connected to a bunch of different areas → parallel processing
V1 is sending signals to V2 → V2 is also sending signals back to V1 → lots of recurrency

115
Q

Modularity of visual hierarchy parts

A

Primary visual cortex = striate cortex = V1
Primary visual cortex= extrastriate cortex = V2, V3, V4, V5/MT
Tertiary visual cortex = visual association cortex = MST, LIP, etc…
Multimodal association cortex = VIP, etc…

116
Q

What is the multimodal association cortex

A

Processes multiple sense

117
Q

Orientation feature detector location in visual system and function. Are all of the orientations responded to?

A

V1
Neurons that respond to bar of light in a particular orientation
V1 would have neurons that respond to each orientations

118
Q

Tuning curve function and meaning of broadly tuned

A

Tuning curve shows the spike rate of neurons to certain stimuli –> ex: stimulus orientations

broadly tuned → still responds to other stimuli just not as strongly –> ex: other orientations

119
Q

How are orientation feature detectors built

A

from having multiple center surround neurons feed their output to another neuron

Because the other neurons (neuron 2) is receiving input from the 4 neurons with center-surround receptive fields → end up with a neuron that responds to a oriented bar

120
Q

What do cortical columns show

A

Organization of orientation feature detectors in V1

For each location in visual field, for each eye: detectors for all orientations

121
Q

What is a cortical column

A

unit of cells dedicated to processing one location of the visual field that processes all orientation of lines in the right and left eye

122
Q

How are the cortical columns organized

A

Organized by eye (ocular dominance columns) and by orientation (orientation columns shown in colours)

123
Q

What are blobs

A

bundles of cells doing other thing

124
Q

Where are the more complex feature detectors that detect oriented lines of a specific length found

A

V2

125
Q

Where are neurons found that respond to Corners

A

V4

126
Q

Where are shapes processed (not exact location)

A

Farther up the visual pathway from V4

127
Q

What part of the visual system processes color and aspects of shape

A

V4

128
Q

What part of the visual system processes motion

A

V5/MT

129
Q

Modularity of auditory hierarchy

A

Primary auditory cortex = A1 = Core
Secondary auditory cortex = A2 = Belt
Tertiary auditory cortex = auditory association cortex = Parabelt (PB), etc…
Multimodal association cortex = T2/T3, PP, etc…

130
Q

What are the function of directional feature detectors in the superior colliculus

A

specialized cells that calculate where sound is coming from

They each respond to sound in a certain direction

131
Q

Function of auditory directional feature detectors

A

Detect if sound is arriving in or out of phase to the ears and uses the difference in phase to determine where the sound is coming from

Sound arriving at ears is out of phase when distance from sound source to ear differs. Size of this difference, interaural time delay (ITD), determines horizontal location of sound source

132
Q

What is the interaural time delay (ITD)

A

Size of the difference between the phase determines horizontal location of sound source

133
Q

At what time does sound arrives at the ears if it is coming from straight in front?

A

same time

134
Q

Auditory directional feature detectors and coincidence detectors explain

A

Coincidence detectors in the auditory cortex only fire when they are getting both inputs at the same time

Brain can figure out where the sound is coming from depending on which coincidence detector fires

135
Q

Modularity of hierarchy in somatosensory system

A

Primary somatosensory cortex = S1= BA 1, 2, & 3
Secondary somatosensory cortex = S2 = PV
Tertiary somatosensory cortex = somatosensory association cortex = BA 5, MIP, AIP, etc…
Multimodal association cortex = VIP, etc…

136
Q

Location of orientation feature detectors for somatosensory system

A

S2

137
Q

Orientation feature detectors for somatosensory system function

A

Responds most strongly to specific angle of a bar on skin

138
Q

How to build a orientation feature detector for somatosensory system

A

Taking 3 simple receptive fields we built a more complex receptive field for an orientation feature detector → larger and more specifc

139
Q

What are somatosensory motion detectors and what are the three types

A

More complex feature detectors in somatosensory system

Motion-sensitive neurons: Respond to any motion in receptive field → all 4 axis
Orientation-sensitive neurons: Respond to motion along a particular axis
Direction-sensitive neurons: Respond to motion in a particular direction

140
Q

What stream: pathway

A

Dorsal pathway: occipital lobe into parietal lobe (vision)

141
Q

Where stream: pathway

A

Ventral pathway: occipital lobe into temporal lobe (vision)

142
Q

Where (and How) stream function

A

Emphasis on location and motion → where things things are in the world and how to interact with them

Processing for action → need to know where the pen is to grab it

143
Q

What (and why) stream function

A

Emphasis on shape and color
Processing for object recognition
Identifying what something is helps us understand why we want to interact with it

144
Q

Visual what stream path

A

V1 into the temporal lobe through V4

145
Q

What stream is involved in face sensitive cells in fusiform face area

A

Ventral what pathway

146
Q

What does the fusiform face area respond best to

A

responds most strongly to faces of its own species but still fires to other faces

147
Q

Visual where stream location

A

In intraparietal sulcus from the occipital lobe

148
Q

Parts of the intraparietal sulcus

A

Anterior (AIP)
Medial (MIP)
Lateral (LIP)
Ventral (VIP)

149
Q

Function of Anterior (AIP)

A

Represents space for hand movements → where something is relative to our hand

150
Q

Function of Medial (MIP)

A

Represents space for arm movements → where something is relative to our arm

151
Q

Function of Lateral (LIP)

A

Represents space for eye movements → where something is relative to where the eye is located

152
Q

Function of Ventral (VIP

A

Represents space for facial movements → represent where things are relative to the face

153
Q

What is the ventral what stream important for

A

Shape and colour

154
Q

What is the dorsal where stream important for

A

motion

155
Q

Auditory what and where pathways and function

A

Up joins into parietal where stream
Down that joins the temporal what stream

What we hear helps us identify where something is and what it is

156
Q

Somatosensory what and where streams and function

A

Some output goes to the ventral temporal regions –> what

How something feels can help us identify what it is

Some output goes up to the dorsal where stream

If we feel something crawling up our leg we want to know where it is

157
Q

Does perception depend on bottom up or top down processing

A

both

158
Q

Bottom up processing facts

A

Stimulus driven
Feedforward connections → lower levels to higher levels
Stimulus to higher and more sophisticated levels if processing
Depends on proximal stimulus and genetic “hard-wiring” of sensory systems

159
Q

Top down processing facts

A

Driven by goals and expectations
Feedback connections → higher level to lower levels
Depends on past experience, internal state, environmental context
Can have a strong effect on how we perceive the world

160
Q

How bottom up processing would determine we are looking at a horse

A

Raw visual input to colour, orientation, movement ect. → combined to determine object → that we are looking at a horse

161
Q

How we would interpret a blob using top down processing

A

We entered what the blob is based on our experience or the context

162
Q

What is the likelyhood principle and is it related to bottom up of top down processing

A

We perceive the world in a way that is “most likely” based on our past experiences

top down

163
Q

What does the interactive adaptation model show and how does it work

A

How top-down and bottom up work together

Used artificial neural network to explain the word superiority effect

Model of letter and word perception

164
Q

Word superiority effect explanation

A

The word condition had the fastest and most accurate responses

In the word condition the features of the D send activation to the letter D →WORD is being activated by the D, W, O, R → WORD causes further activation of the D (top-down) → Letter D is perceived more quickly in the context of a word –> more activation of the letter D

In the letter condition the features of the D send activation to the letter D → D is activated –> no top down

165
Q

Who came up with the interactive adaption model

A

McClelland and Rumelhart

PSYC midterm 2 (6 decks)

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