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PSYC midterm 2 > EPHE Final > Flashcards

EPHE Final Flashcards

1
Q

Leptin

A

Appetite hormone made by adipose tissue and stomach that suppresses appetite

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2
Q

Hunger

A

Response to a physiological need that is sensed by the hypothalamus

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3
Q

Appetite

A

Response to psychological need (emotional connection, smell)

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4
Q

Satiation

A

“Stop signals” that build throughout a meal.

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5
Q

Satiety

A

Perception of fullness that lingers after eating

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6
Q

Risk factor

A

Factors known to be related (or correlated with) diseases but not proven to be causal

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7
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

a disease of the arteries characterized by plaque build up. It is a complex inflammatory response

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8
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

from the heart muscle not getting enough of the blood (nutrients) it needs to contract

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9
Q

Stroke

A

when the blood vessels carrying oxygen and nutrients to the brain are blocked (occluded) or ruptured

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10
Q

Thrombus

A

the stationary clot (stays at the plaque)

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11
Q

Thrombosis

A

when the stationary clot is large enough to occlude the arterial blood flow

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12
Q

Plaque

A

mounds of lipids and arterial muscle cells at site of injury

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13
Q

Embolus

A

a clot that has broken free from the plaque

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14
Q

Embolism

A

clot that has wedged into a smaller artery and occludes blood flow

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15
Q

Phytochemical

A

Biologically active compounds, that when consumed, are believed to confer resistance to disease

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16
Q

Functional food

A

Foods with physiological benefits or with the ability to reduce chronic disease risks beyond basic nutrients. Eg: omega 3 eggs

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17
Q

Nutraceutical:

A

product isolated or purified from foods that is generally sold in medicinal forms not associated with foods.
It has demonstrated a physiological benefit or believed to provide protection against chronic disease.

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18
Q

Optimal Energy availability

A

30-45kcal/FFM
all the calories left over after accounting for exercise

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19
Q

low energy availability

A

<30 kcal/kg FFM → what is left after accounting for exercise
When EA is below this current threshold

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20
Q

Stunting

A

low height for age
Irreversible effects
Lowers their mental capacity and physical growth

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21
Q

Wasting

A

low weight for age
Acute malnutrition, reversible

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22
Q

Food security

A

Reliable access to enough nutritious food at all times to sustain a healthy active life.

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23
Q

Food insecurity

A

The condition of limited or uncertain access to food of sufficient quality or quantity to sustain an active healthy life.

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24
Q

Food poverty

A

Hunger occurring when enough food exists in an area but some of the people cannot obtain it because they lack money, are being deprived for political reasons, live in a country at war, or suffer other problems such as lack of transportation.

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25
Q

Components that make up energy expenditure?

A

Basal metabolic rate
Thermic effect of food
Physical activity

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26
Q

Factors that impact BMR

A
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27
Q

How to estimate EER:

A

Use formulas

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28
Q

What triggers hunger?

A

Contracting empty stomach, empty small intestine, the stomach hormone ghrelin, chemical and nervous signals in the brain

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29
Q

Factors that impact hunger

A

Appetite can override hunger

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30
Q

How does the brain and the digestive tract work together to monitor hunger

A

Hypothalamus reads nutrient levels in the blood
Communication between stomach, small intestine, and hypothalamus is through the nervous system and hromones

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31
Q

Social drinker

A

people who only drink in social occasions

32
Q

Binge Drinker

A

people who drink more than 4 drinks in a short period of time

33
Q

Moderate drinker

A

people who do not drink excessively, do not behave inappropriately because of alcohol, and where their health is not harmed by alcohol over time.

34
Q

Low risk drinking guidelines

A

1-2 standard drinks per week

35
Q

Standard drink

A

341 ml (12 oz) bottle of 5% beer about 130 calories
43 ml (1.5 oz) shot of 40% hard liquor about 105 calories + mixer
142 ml (5 oz) glass of 12% wine about 125 calories

36
Q

Risks of alcohol use

A

Fattening, sickness, nutrient deficiencies, gout, dehydration

37
Q

What alcohol is in alcoholic beverages

A

ethanol

38
Q

Proof meaning

A

1/2 of proof is the percentage
24 proof = 12%

39
Q

Calories contributed by alcohol

A

7 cal/g)

40
Q

How to increase phytochemical?

A

Eat more fruits and vegetables
Use herbs and spices
Replace some meat

41
Q

Flavonoids

A

Catechins:
Isoflavones:
Quercetin:
Resveratrol:

42
Q

What is food illness caused by?

A

infection or intoxication.

43
Q

What we need to prevent in food

A

Microbial growth
Oxidative changes
Enzymatic destruction of food molecules

44
Q

Measures of preservation

A

Modified Atmospheric Packaging (MAP):
Freezing:
Extruding:
Canning:
Drying:
Preservation with additives:

45
Q

Food safety measures

A

Irradiation
Genetic modification:​​

46
Q

When is iron status and intake important to consider?

A

menstrattion
Pregnancy
Baby
Older adults

47
Q

Signs of iron deficiency in children

A

behavioral and physical symptoms
apathy or behaviour problems such as hyperactivity, irritability, aggression, sadness, withdrawal, and poor concentration

48
Q

Signs of iron deficiency in adults

A
49
Q

Which minerals are electrolytes?

A

Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, Chloride, Phosphate (made from Phosphorus) and Bicarbonate.

50
Q

Factors that increase fluid needs

A
51
Q

Average sweat rate

A

1L/hour

52
Q

Waste product of aerobic and anaerobic lactic metabolism

A

lactate

53
Q

Fuel type used for anaerobic alactic

A

Phosphorus in ATP and Phosphocreatine

54
Q

Fuel type used for Anaerobic Lactic

A

Glycogen and glucose

55
Q

Fuel type used for Aerobic

A

Fats, glycogen and glucose

56
Q

When would glycogen be depeleted during physical exercise and resting?

A

At about 2 hours of vigorous (75% of VO2 max) glycogen stores would be depleted. 4-6 hours of glycogen for a rested state.

57
Q

Caffeine and sport

A

Caffeine is a stimulant that possesses well-established benefits for athletic performance across endurance-based situations, and short-term, supramaximal (all out efforts), and/or repeated sprint tasks.

58
Q

How long before a event should you eat and what ratio of nutrients should you eat?

A

3-4 hours before, 3:1 carbohydrate and protein

59
Q

How long after an event should you eat

A

in first 20-30 minutes and 3: carb and protein

60
Q

When exercise exceeds 1 hour. how much carbohydrate should you add during training?

A

30-60 g of carbs/hr

61
Q

Energy balance meaning:

A

When the intake is equal to the total energy expenditure

62
Q

What is energy availabilty?

A

The energy left per kg of fat free mass after substracting off the energy expended for exercise (EE)

63
Q

What is optimal energy availabilty? and how many calories we should be consuming

A

Optimal energy availability is 30-45 kcal/kg go FFM

64
Q

Health effects of LEA and what is considered LEA

A

<30 kcal/kg FFM
Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S)
Delayed metabolic rate
Delayed puberty
decreased bone density
Illness etc

65
Q

Anorexia nervosa characteristics?

A

a distorted perception of body weight and shape

66
Q

Bulimia Nervosa characteristics?

A

morbid fear of becoming fat
binge eating and purging

67
Q

Orthorexia characteristics?

A

compulsive exercising and exercise

68
Q

Binge-eating disorder

A

Binge eating but no purging

69
Q

What is the critical period of fetal development?

A

6-8 weeks

70
Q

Effects of low birth weight definition and consequences?

A

Low Birthweight baby is defined as one who weighs less than 2500 grams (5.5lbs)

It increases the risk of developing Chronic health troubles later in life
It is associated with lower IQ and other brain impairments, and shorter stature,

71
Q

What is the single most important indicator of future infant health?

A

Birth weight is the single most important indicator of an infant’s future health status.

72
Q

High birthweight babies consequences

A

heart defect and neural tube defect

73
Q

What is the critical period after childbirth?

A

First 1000 days Concept to 2nd birthday

74
Q

Calorie changes during second trimester

A

340

75
Q
A

PSYC midterm 2 (6 decks)

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