Perception

Question 1

gyrus

Answer 1

ridge on the cerebral cortex

Question 2

sulcus

Answer 2

groove on the cerebral cortex

Question 3

corpus colosseum

Answer 3

largest commissure that connects the left and right brain together. Allows for messages to be sent from one side to the other.

Question 4

3 major divisions of the brain

Answer 4

1. forebrain
2. midbrain
3. hindbrain

Question 5

hindbrain is composed of…

Answer 5

1. brainstem
2. cerebellum

Question 6

midbrain is composed of…

Answer 6

superior and inferior colliculus

Question 7

shallow layers of the superior and inferior colliculus are…

Answer 7

relay centres for sensory information entering the brain

Question 8

deep layers for superior and inferior colliculus are…

Answer 8

used for motor activity and eye movements

Question 9

damage to the midbrain would lead to…

Answer 9

problems with hearing, seeing and motor activity

Question 10

forebrain is composed of…

Answer 10

• cerebral cortex
• diencephalon
• helps to regulate higher mental processes

Question 11

describe the diencephalon and it’s components

Answer 11

• thalamus (sensory relay network)
• hypothalamus (bodily regulator)
• subdivision of the forebrain

Question 12

the limbic system’s components are…

Answer 12

basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus

Question 13

describe the amygdala

Answer 13

• activates in response to fear or anger
• will make important experiences salient so that the brain remembers those events

Question 14

describe the hippocamus

Answer 14

• 2 sections - in each hemisphere
• important for special navigation and perception and memory

Question 15

describe the basal ganglia

Answer 15

• important for action-selection, skill, motivation and rewards

Question 16

frontal lobe (functions)

Answer 16

planning, short-term memory, strategic thinking, judgment

Question 17

parietal lobe (function)

Answer 17

processing tough/sensory processes

Question 18

temporal lobe (function)

Answer 18

hearing, language, long-term memory

Question 19

occipital lobe (function)

Answer 19

visual processing, visual pattern recognition

Question 20

frontal section of homunculus

Answer 20

motor cortex

Question 21

parietal section of homunculus

Answer 21

sensory cortex

Question 22

what does sensory connectivity mean?

Answer 22

looks at how the brain is wired and how it’s parts are physically connected.

Question 23

what does functional connectivity mean?

Answer 23

looks at how the brain’s processes work together to create feelings and activity (which parts of the brain fire together?)

Question 24

what is the default mode network?

Answer 24

part of the brain’s system that responds when a person is not involved in any task (mind wandering)

Question 25

perception

Answer 25

The act of becoming aware of something through our sense

Question 26

Pattern recognition

Answer 26

the ability to detect meaningful patterns in the environment (faces, objects)

Question 27

inverse projection problem

Answer 27

determining the object responsible for particular image on the retina. How do we go from 2D to 3D?

Question 28

view invariance problem

Answer 28

If the primary visual cortex only gets a 2D map from one angle, how do we know what the object looks like from other angles?

Question 29

size constancy

Answer 29

how do we know something is the same size at different distances since when its further away its smaller on our retina?

Question 30

2 perceptual processes

Answer 30

1. bottom-up 2. top-down

Question 31

bottom up processes

Answer 31

information coming in from the environment (basic elements/individuals pieces) get combined into larger pieces until they are recognizable pieces

Question 32

top down processes

Answer 32

prior knowledge/context is used to analyze incoming information in order to inform perception.

Question 33

Helmholtz's theory of unconscious inference

Answer 33

Some of our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions we make about the environment.

Question 34

Likelihood principle

Answer 34

the principle that we perceive the world in the way that is “most likely” based on our past experiences.

Question 35

Name the Gestalt principles of perceptual organization

Answer 35

1. similarity 2. proximity 3. closure 4. common fate 5. symmetry 5. good continuation

Question 36

Similarity

Answer 36

Elements that look similar will be perceived as part of the same form or group (i.e., a flock of birds will be perceived as a “group” rather than hundreds of individual birds)

Question 37

Proximity

Answer 37

Elements that are close together will be perceived as a coherent group (i.e., if there are 2 flocks of birds in the sky, they will look like 2 groups).

Question 38

closure

Answer 38

humans tend to enclose spaces by completing a contour and ignoring gaps (i.e., when something looks like it is enclosed/surrounded by other objects)

Question 39

common fate

Answer 39

If 2 or more objects are moving in the same direction and at the same speed, they will be classified as a group (i.e., a heard of horses galloping across a field)

Question 40

Symmetry

Answer 40

images/objects perceived as symmetrical are experienced as belonging together

Question 41

good continuation

Answer 41

people tend to connect elements in a way that makes them seem continuous or flowing in a particular direction

Question 42

Bayesian inference

Answer 42

the probability of an outcome depends on..."prior" probability of the outcome (beliefs about frequency of outcome), and how much evidence is consistent with certain outcomes ("likelihood) > the combination between the 2 is the bayesian inference (conclusion)

Question 43

dorsal stream

Answer 43

where

Question 44

ventral stream

Answer 44

what

Question 45

distinctive features theory

Answer 45

All complex perceptual stimuli are composed of distinct and separate attributes called "features". Allow observer to distinguish one object/person from another (i.e., Does Brandon’s laptop have the smudge? Yes – then its his laptop)

Question 46

Recognition by components theory

Answer 46

A way to break objects down into subcomponents. People become able to recognize 3D objects by identifying the building blocks that make up the object. Basic elements are composed of an alphabet of 36 primitive shapes, called “geons”

Question 47

Template matching theory

Answer 47

We store an unlimited number of patterns, literal copies corresponding to every object that we have experienced. When a new object is recorded, it is recorded as another copy of the object.

Question 48

Prototype theory

Answer 48

- When the template it not a literal match with the object but an average of the diff views of the object - doesn't have to be an exact match - stores information for every possible view