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psych 309 > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

gyrus

A

ridge on the cerebral cortex

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2
Q

sulcus

A

groove on the cerebral cortex

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3
Q

corpus colosseum

A

largest commissure that connects the left and right brain together. Allows for messages to be sent from one side to the other.

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4
Q

3 major divisions of the brain

A
  1. forebrain
  2. midbrain
  3. hindbrain
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5
Q

hindbrain is composed of…

A
  1. brainstem
  2. cerebellum
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6
Q

midbrain is composed of…

A

superior and inferior colliculus

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7
Q

shallow layers of the superior and inferior colliculus are…

A

relay centres for sensory information entering the brain

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8
Q

deep layers for superior and inferior colliculus are…

A

used for motor activity and eye movements

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9
Q

damage to the midbrain would lead to…

A

problems with hearing, seeing and motor activity

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10
Q

forebrain is composed of…

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • diencephalon
  • helps to regulate higher mental processes
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11
Q

describe the diencephalon and it’s components

A
  • thalamus (sensory relay network)
  • hypothalamus (bodily regulator)
  • subdivision of the forebrain
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12
Q

the limbic system’s components are…

A

basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus

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13
Q

describe the amygdala

A
  • activates in response to fear or anger
  • will make important experiences salient so that the brain remembers those events
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14
Q

describe the hippocamus

A
  • 2 sections - in each hemisphere
  • important for special navigation and perception and memory
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15
Q

describe the basal ganglia

A
  • important for action-selection, skill, motivation and rewards
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16
Q

frontal lobe (functions)

A

planning, short-term memory, strategic thinking, judgment

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17
Q

parietal lobe (function)

A

processing tough/sensory processes

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18
Q

temporal lobe (function)

A

hearing, language, long-term memory

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19
Q

occipital lobe (function)

A

visual processing, visual pattern recognition

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20
Q

frontal section of homunculus

A

motor cortex

21
Q

parietal section of homunculus

A

sensory cortex

22
Q

what does sensory connectivity mean?

A

looks at how the brain is wired and how it’s parts are physically connected.

23
Q

what does functional connectivity mean?

A

looks at how the brain’s processes work together to create feelings and activity (which parts of the brain fire together?)

24
Q

what is the default mode network?

A

part of the brain’s system that responds when a person is not involved in any task (mind wandering)

25
Q

perception

A

The act of becoming aware of something through our sense

26
Q

Pattern recognition

A

the ability to detect meaningful patterns in the environment (faces, objects)

27
Q

inverse projection problem

A

determining the object responsible for particular image on the retina. How do we go from 2D to 3D?

28
Q

view invariance problem

A

If the primary visual cortex only gets a 2D map from one angle, how do we know what the object looks like from other angles?

29
Q

size constancy

A

how do we know something is the same size at different distances since when its further away its smaller on our retina?

30
Q

2 perceptual processes

A
  1. bottom-up
  2. top-down
31
Q

bottom up processes

A

information coming in from the environment (basic elements/individuals pieces) get combined into larger pieces until they are recognizable pieces

32
Q

top down processes

A

prior knowledge/context is used to analyze incoming information in order to inform perception.

33
Q

Helmholtz’s theory of unconscious inference

A

Some of our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions we make about the environment.

34
Q

Likelihood principle

A

the principle that we perceive the world in the way that is “most likely” based on our past experiences.

35
Q

Name the Gestalt principles of perceptual organization

A
  1. similarity
  2. proximity
  3. closure
  4. common fate
  5. symmetry
  6. good continuation
36
Q

Similarity

A

Elements that look similar will be perceived as part of the same form or group (i.e., a flock of birds will be perceived as a “group” rather than hundreds of individual birds)

37
Q

Proximity

A

Elements that are close together will be perceived as a coherent group (i.e., if there are 2 flocks of birds in the sky, they will look like 2 groups).

38
Q

closure

A

humans tend to enclose spaces by completing a contour and ignoring gaps (i.e., when something looks like it is enclosed/surrounded by other objects)

39
Q

common fate

A

If 2 or more objects are moving in the same direction and at the same speed, they will be classified as a group (i.e., a heard of horses galloping across a field)

40
Q

Symmetry

A

images/objects perceived as symmetrical are experienced as belonging together

41
Q

good continuation

A

people tend to connect elements in a way that makes them seem continuous or flowing in a particular direction

42
Q

Bayesian inference

A

the probability of an outcome depends on…“prior” probability of the outcome (beliefs about frequency of outcome), and how much evidence is consistent with certain outcomes (“likelihood) > the combination between the 2 is the bayesian inference (conclusion)

43
Q

dorsal stream

A

where

44
Q

ventral stream

A

what

45
Q

distinctive features theory

A

All complex perceptual stimuli are composed of distinct and separate attributes called “features”. Allow observer to distinguish one object/person from another (i.e., Does Brandon’s laptop have the smudge? Yes – then its his laptop)

46
Q

Recognition by components theory

A

A way to break objects down into subcomponents. People become able to recognize 3D objects by identifying the building blocks that make up the object. Basic elements are composed of an alphabet of 36 primitive shapes, called “geons”

47
Q

Template matching theory

A

We store an unlimited number of patterns, literal copies corresponding to every object that we have experienced. When a new object is recorded, it is recorded as another copy of the object.

48
Q

Prototype theory

A
  • When the template it not a literal match with the object but an average of the diff views of the object
  • doesn’t have to be an exact match
  • stores information for every possible view

psych 309 (5 decks)

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