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psych 309 > language > Flashcards

language Flashcards

1
Q

language

A

a system using sounds and symbols that enables us to express our feelings, thoughts, and ideas

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2
Q

Language is:

A
  1. hierarchical (basic components combine to form larger structures - phonemes, morphemes, prosody)
  2. rule-based (syntactic rules - grammar and phonology)
  3. universal (more than 5000 languages, all humans have language, similar development across culture)
  4. exclusive (humans are the only species to have language)
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3
Q

broca’s area (function)

A

language production

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4
Q

Wernicke’s area (function)

A

language comprehension

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5
Q

Which side of the brain is bigger and dominant for language production?

A

the left side

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6
Q

If your left hemisphere is larger, can you produce more language?

A

No > asymmetry also exists for non-linguistic species

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7
Q

What is required for speaking?

A

precise control of breathing and vocal cords. chimps and other primates do not have the physical ability to vocalize as humans do

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8
Q

What is the hypoglossal nerve?

A

A nerve that exits the skull through the hypoglossal canal and that controls the movements of the tongue needed for speech

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9
Q

what did humans possess before symbolic language?

A

Musical ability/communication

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10
Q

Name 4 factors that support the “musilanguage hypothesis”

A
  1. syntax of music is simpler, less rules
  2. modern language is musical
  3. newborns prefer baby talk
  4. newborns prefer rhythm and tone of moms voice
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11
Q

What can restricting hand movements lead to?

A

a reduction of the fluency of speech

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12
Q

How long ago did humans begin using language?

A
  • 40-80 thousand years ago
  • the earliest evidence is the “Ochre Plaque”
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13
Q

Music is grounded in….and language is grounded in….

A

emotion, meaning

music - emotion - meaning

language - meaning - emotion

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14
Q

left hemisphere (functions)

A

labels, abstraction, categories

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15
Q

right hemisphere

A

ambiguity, context, metaphor

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16
Q

Gazzaniga and LeDoux (1978) study on split brain patients > outcome

A

Right hand (left hemisphere) choses the shovel, left hand (right hemisphere) chooses the chicken foot - when the participant is asked to explain why his left hand (right hemisphere) is pointing to the shovel he says “I need the shovel to clean the chicken pen” - the left hemisphere talks over the meaning known by the right hemisphere

17
Q

psycholinguistics

A

psychological study of language

18
Q

lexicon

A

mental dictionary (the words we know)

19
Q

semantics

A

the meaning of language

20
Q

lexical semantics

A

the meaning of specific words

21
Q

word frequency effect

A

faster responses to common/high frequency words (i.e., we respond faster to words like “home” than words like “hike”)

22
Q

word perception is guided by……

A

transitional probabilities

23
Q

lexical ambiguity

A

words with multiple meanings/the presence of 2 or more possible meanings within a single word (i.e., bug: insect, listening device, annoying someone)

24
Q

lexical ambiguity is resolved through ____ and ____.

A

context, frequency (meaning dominance)

25
Q

meaning dominance

A

the relative frequency of the meanings of ambiguous words (“set” is more often associated with a grouping of items than a tennis match)

26
Q

syntactic ambiguity

A

the presence of 2 or more possible meanings within a single sentence or sequence of words

27
Q

sentences have 2 layers of structure….

A
  1. surface structure = the words we see (shot)
  2. deep structure = the syntactic structure of those words (verb)
28
Q

Parsing

A

the process of determining a deep structure from a surface structure - occurs when an individual hears a string of words and needs to group these into phrases in their minds

29
Q

Garden path sentence (temporary ambiguity) is….

A

When something initially seems to mean one thing but eventually means something else.

30
Q

3 constraints to parsing…

A
  1. word meaning
  2. story context
  3. scene context
31
Q

situation model

A

Imagined simulation of sentences helps to create meaning (“the runner jumped over the hurdle”)

32
Q

syntactic priming

A

Hearing a statement with a particular syntactic construction increases the chances that a sentence will be produced with the same construction (parallel structure - facilitates conversation)

33
Q

DeCasper and Fifer (1980) study on newborns revealed

A
  1. babies prefer their mother’s voice
  2. Newborns can discriminate voices
  3. babies preferred the story that was read to them during pregnancy
34
Q

Babies show more left hemisphere activity when ____ compared to backward speech

A

hearing

35
Q

Infants can discriminate vowels at which age?

A

3 months

36
Q

Infants can discriminate between dialects (of the same language) at which age?

A

2-4 months

37
Q

babies are more sensitive to ____ than adults

A

phonotactic contrast

psych 309 (5 decks)

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