People and illness

Question 1

What is a tumour?

Answer 1

Formed by excessive, uncontrolled proliferation of cells as a result of irreversible genetic change which is passed from one cell to its progeny

Question 2

What is dysplasia?

Answer 2

Disordered epithelial cells growth, characterised by loss of architectural orientation and the development of cellular atypia.

Question 3

What is metastasis?

Answer 3

The spread of a tumour from a primary site to a secondary to ectopic site where it grows. Via blood, lymphatics, intraepithelial or transcoelomic

Question 4

What is carcinoma in situ?

Answer 4

Abnormal group of cells that remain in the place where they were first formed, they haven’t spread. Stage 0

Question 5

What is an Organic disorder?

Answer 5

Change in mental function secondary to a physical process rather than a psychiatric illness. it can mimic psychiatric disorders.

Question 6

How can a tumour down regulate its immune response?

Answer 6

• Reduce immune recognition- loss of antigenicity
• Increase resistance or survival
• Development of immunosuppressive microenvironment

Question 7

Give some examples of drug-disease interactions.

Answer 7

• Parkinson’s patients increase the risk of drug induced confusion
• NSAIDs exacerbate CHF
• urinary retention in BPH on decongestants
• Neuroepiletics and quinolone lower the seizure threshold

Question 8

What is non-linear pharmacokinetics?

Answer 8

Concentration is not proportional to the dose: rate of elimination is constant regardless of how much drug is present. Dosage increases can saturate the binding sites and result in non-proportional increase in drug level.

Question 9

What are the functions of the spleen?

Answer 9

Removes normal RBCs and other blood components by phagocytosis.
Storing. iron recycled from RBC
Initiating immune responses to antigens circulating in the blood

Question 10

What is a lymphoid organ?

Answer 10

Organ that contains a large collection of small lymphocytes.

Question 11

What cells are in the deep cortex of lymph nodes?

Answer 11

T cells

Question 12

What cells are in the outer cortex?

Answer 12

B cells

Question 13

What cells are in the medullary cords?

Answer 13

B cells and plasma cells

Question 14

What is the paracortex?

Answer 14

region between the cortex and medulla, contains T cells

Question 15

What is the first lymph node that drains cancer called?

Answer 15

Sentinel node

Question 16

What is the role of the reticular epithelial cells in the thymus?

Answer 16

Blood-thymus barrier, secrete hormones stimulating stem cell division and T cell differentiation

Question 17

What does IL-2 therapy do?

Answer 17

Promotes the expansion of tumour specific T cells.

Question 18

What is the hypothesis of depression?

Answer 18

Reduced NT in the brain, mostly DA

Question 19

What is sub threshold depression?

Answer 19

Meet 2-4 of the criteria symptoms for 2+ weeks with at least one core symptom

Question 20

Define mild cognitive impairment.

Answer 20

Decline in cognitive function that does not affect day to day functioning.

Question 21

Where is cholingeric NT produced in the brain?

Answer 21

Basal forebrain. Nucleus basalts of meynert and the medial septal nucleus and nucleus of diagonal band

Question 22

Where do calculations happen in the brain?

Answer 22

Left angular gyrus in parietal lobe

Question 23

Where does praxis occur?

Answer 23

Left frontal and parietal lobe

Question 24

What is Dementia?

Answer 24

Chronic, progressive (usually irreversible) cognitive impairment due to brain disease.

Question 25

Define anterograde amnesia.

Answer 25

Loss of the ability to create new memories after the injury causing event that caused the amnesia,

Question 26

Define retrograde amnesia.

Answer 26

Loss of memory access to events that occured or learnt before the injury.

Question 27

What is Prion disease/ Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)?

Answer 27

Rare neurodegenrative disorders, loss of motor control and behavioural changes. The proteins induce misfolding and so there is neuronal loss and failure to induce an inflammatory response.

Question 28

What are some effects of ethanol on the brain?

Answer 28

Nucleus accumbens and amygdala: pleasure and reward- euphoria
Cerebral cortex: slows- slows thought process
Cerebellum: loss of coordination
Pre-frontal cortex: slows behavioural inhibition centres
Hypothalamus and pituitary: increased sexual arousal but decreased ability to engage in sex
Medulla: increased sleepiness, slows breathing and body temperature

Question 29

What are some legal implications with psychostimulants?

Answer 29

Prescription only valid for 28 days, Rx signed on collection (proof of identity), 30 day supply.
form and strength, total quantity to be supplied in words and figures, dose to be administered, signed and dated.

Question 30

what factors are associated with ADHD persisting into adulthood?

Answer 30

Maternal depression
Socioeconomic disadvantage
Negative parent child relationship
Progressive reduction in cerebellar and hippocampal volumes.

Question 31

What is the effect of carbamazepine?

Answer 31

Induced hypersensitivity
Maculopapular exanthema
Steven-Johnson Syndrome - toxic epidermal necrolysis