Anatomy Flashcards
What level do the kidneys lie?
T12-L3
How much of the resting cardiac output do the kidneys receive?
20-25% via the left and right renal arteries
What is the passage of urine drainage in the kidney?
Papillary ducts –> Minor calyces –> Major calyces –> Renal pelvis –> Ureter
What causes Vasoconstriction of the aa in the kidney?
Angiotensin II, Enothelin, vasopressin, Norepinephrine
What type of cells are podocytes?
Modified simple squamous, it is the visceral layer of the bowman capsule
What type of cells are juxtaglomerular cells?
Modified smooth muscle fibres
What nerves innervate the bladder?
Hypogastric: T12-L2
Pudendal: S2-S4
Pelvic: S2-S4
What muscles of the pelvic floor does the anal canal travel through?
Levator ani, Puborectalis
What are the paranasal sinuses?
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxillary
What is the epithelium of the uterus?
Ciliated simple columnar
What is the epithelium of the vagina?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous
What are the borders of the inguinal canal?
MALT
Upper wall: Internal oblique and transverses abdominis
Anterior: Aponeurosis of internal and external oblique
Lower: Inguinal and lacunar Ligament
Posterior: Conjoint tendon and transversals fascia
Explain the closed splenic circulation theory.
Blood enters via splenic artery which is directly continuous with the splenic sinusoids. RBC squeeze through the sinusoids into the cords of Billroth (splenic cords). RBC squeeze back through the slits into the sinusoid thats continuous with the splenic vein.
What artery supplies the parathyroids?
Inferior thyroid artery
What innervates the medulla of the adrenal gland?
Sympathetic pre-ganglionic fibres that release Ach
What is the medulla of the kidney derived from?
The ectoderm. Neural crest- primitive autonomic ganglion tissue
What Layer of the adrenal cortex has spongiocytes?
Zona fasciculata
What stimulates Zona Glomerulosa?
Angiotensin II to synthesis mineralocorticoids- Aldosterone
What stimulates the Zona Fasciculata?
ACTH in the presence of 17 alpha- hydroxyls to produce glucocorticoids mainly cortisol
What stimulates Zona Reticularis?
ACTH to secrete Dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione
What are the external muscles of the pharynx and their innervation.
Superior and inferior constrictor, palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus all supplied by Vagus. And stylopharyngess (IX)
What is the name given in facial palsy when the eyes may dry out and the lower lid droops?
- Exposire keratitis
- Ectropion
