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Second Year > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

What are the pre and post-central gyri?

A

Pre-central: motor, also called Primary motor cortex. Post-central: sensory primary somatosensory cortex.

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2
Q

What is the corpus callosum and what does it do?

A

A thick bundle of white matter, it interconnects the 2 hemispheres.

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3
Q

what connects the lateral ventricles with the 3rd?

A

Inter-ventricular foramen of munro

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4
Q

What are the parts of the corpus callosum?

A

Body, Genu, Rostrum, Splenium

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5
Q

What is the basic path of vision from the retina?

A

retina –> Optic nerve –> Optic chiasm –> lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus –> Visual cortex

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6
Q

What are the basal ganglia best known for?

A

Facilitating movements

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7
Q

What may result if there is damage to the Substantia nigra?

A

Parkinson’s disease

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8
Q

What may result is there is damage to the Striatum?

A

Huntington’s disease

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9
Q

What area is associated with sleep in the brain?

A

Ventrolateral pre-optic nucleus of the hippocampus

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10
Q

Where does the dura matter fuse with the endosperm of the cranium?

A

Foramen magnum

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11
Q

Where does the artery of Adamkiewicz originate?

A

Left posterior intercostal artery

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12
Q

What epithelium is the neural tube?

A

Columnar neuroepithelia

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13
Q

What is Treacher collins syndrome?

A

Under development of the zygomatic bones and ears. mutation in TCOF-1

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14
Q

At what day do the meninges form?

A

Day 20-35 the mesenchymal and neural crest cells migrate around the tube

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15
Q

What are the 3 action selection centres of the basal ganglia?

A
  1. Corpus striatum
  2. subthalamic nucleus
  3. substantia nigra
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16
Q

Where is the carotid canal?

A

Petrous part of the temporal bone

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17
Q

What is muscle spindle?

A

Stretch receptors in the muscle body which detects changes in length of the muscle. AIa myelinated

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18
Q

What is neurogenic shock?

A

A state of hypo perfusion, there is decreased systemic vascular resistance secondary to a loss of sympathetic tone

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19
Q

What are some characteristics of coping with an illness in a bad way?

A

Passive, reluctant to ask for help, external locus of control, introspective, denial, intolerance, impulsivity, rejecting the sick role.

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20
Q

What are some characteristics of coping with illness in a good way?

A

maintaining moral despite set backs, internal locus of control, flexibility to suggestions, consider using a range of strategies

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21
Q

What are some signs of successful adjustment to chronic pain?

A
  • Successful adjustment to tasks
  • No psychiatric illness
  • Satisfaction and well being in various domains in life
22
Q

what are the 4 things to focus on to adjust well?

A
  1. Dealing with the effects of cytokines
  2. Dealing with appropriate emotional expression
  3. Engaging in self management
  4. Finding the benefit
23
Q

What is spinal shock?

A

Temporary suppression of all reflex activity below the level of spinal cord injury. Occurs immediately after injury

24
Q

What might cause CSF otorrhoea and CSF rhinorrhoea?

A

Bailar skull fracture. CN VIII may get damaged.

25
Q

What are the effects of a space occupying lesion?

A

Slow growing SOL: atrophy of brain tissue

Rapid growing SOL: rapid increase in pressure and so herniation

26
Q

How does AMD cause blindness?

A

Blood vessels and scar tissue grows under the retina, leaking retinal vessels cause retinal oedema. This blocks the transport of oxygen and nutrients from the choroid. The eventual scarring causes destruction of the photoreceptors.

27
Q

Define Dysnosmia.

A

Impaired sense of smell

28
Q

Define anosmia.

A

Loss of sensation of smell

29
Q

Define cosmia

A

Smelling of an offensive odour that doesn’t exist.

30
Q

Define Prosmia

A

Sensation without the smell cause

31
Q

What is synaptic potentiation?

A

The process of making transmission of a synapse easier

32
Q

What are the types of implicit memory?

A

Procedural
Priming
Classical conditioning

33
Q

Where is attention associated to in the brain?

A

Cortical structures and the ARAS

34
Q

What is an endogenous cue in selective attention?

A

Internal knowledge and higher brain order to understand the cue in the first place and have an intension to follow it.

35
Q

What is top-down processing?

A

Uses background knowledge (learning/expectations) to influence perception. Theory or goal driven. a conscious choice or act. Prefrontal, parietal and limbic system.

36
Q

Where does temporal organisation of episodic memory occur?

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

37
Q

What is the input and output of the basal ganglia?

A

Input: Prefrontal cortex Output: Premotor area (via thalamus)

38
Q

What is the input and output of the cerebellum?

A

Inout: Sensory cortex Output: Premotor area (via thalamus)

39
Q

What is position sense?

A

The conscious awareness of the relative position of our body parts in space

40
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Feedback from periphery sensory receptors on position and movement of limbs. signals contribute to the conscious and subconscious mechanisms of motor control.

41
Q

What is the difference between D1 and D2 family?

A

D1- excitatory- increases adenyl cyclase

D2- inhibitory - decreases adenyl cyclase

42
Q

What is the procedure used to partially sewn the eyelids together to prevent corneal damage in facial nerve palsy?

A

Tarsorrhaphy

43
Q

What do Audiometry and tymapometry test for?

A

A: Level of hearing loss
T: Ability of the eardrum to react to sound

44
Q

What are some macroscopic and microscopic features os oral squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Macro- Central ulceration, raised nodular lesson, hard raised edges.
Micro- well differentiated and keratinising

45
Q

What are the signs of AMD?

A

Distortion of vision, colours seem less bright, objects seem smaller, struggle to see anything in the centre of vision, straight lines look wavy

46
Q

How would you test the facial nerve?

A 
Ask to:
frown
raise eyebrows
show teeth
puff cheeks with pursed lips
scrunch eyes
all against resistance and check for symmetry
47
Q

Mandibular nerve innervates the muscles of mastication, what are they?

A

Medial and lateral pterygoids, masseter and temporals

48
Q

How would you test for the motor aspect of the trigeminal?

A

Ask them to clench jaw and palpate superior to the zygomatic arch, feel for contraction of the tenoiralis then repeat inferiorly for the masseter. Get them to deviate jaw to test pterygoids.

49
Q

What is the laryngeal sinus?

A

Fossa laterally between the vestibular and vocal cords. may extend up as the saccule of the larynx.

50
Q

What does the hippocampus do and where is it?

A

Temporal lobe.

Regulates emotions and is associated with memory and motivation

Second Year (7 decks)

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