GU

Question 1

What is Medullary sponge kidney?

Answer 1

Congenital condition of the kidneys characterised by cystic dilation of collecting tubes, predisposing to stone formation. There is calcification at the portico-medullarcy junction

Question 2

What might cause decreased sensed volume?

Answer 2

ECF depletion, Vasodilation, Pump failure, Haemorrhage, Circulatory failure

Question 3

What are some causes of chronic kidney disease?

Answer 3

Tubulo-interstitial disease, Arterial disease, Glomerular disease, obstructive uropathy

Question 4

Fertilisation occurs in the Ampulla, What is its epithelium?

Answer 4

Ciliated simple columnar. There are also some non-ciliated peg cells

Question 5

By what week is the definitive kidney functional?

Answer 5

Weel 11/12

Question 6

What do excretory units form from

Answer 6

Metanephric cap of the metanephric mesoderm

Question 7

When do gonads acquire male or female characteristics?

Answer 7

Week 7

Question 8

What are some conditions due to hormone excess?

Answer 8

Teratoma, Polycystic ovarian syndrome, granulosa cell tumour

Question 9

In what month do the genital ducts develop?

Answer 9

Week 5-6

Question 10

In males what causes the regression of the paramesonephric duct?

Answer 10

Sertoli cells secrete Anti-mullerian hormone

Question 11

What is Congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Answer 11

21-hydroxylase deficiency and/or 11beta- hydroxylase deficiency.
They have ambiguous genitalia and anovulation

Question 12

What is the external urethral meatus epithelium?

Answer 12

Surface ectoderm

Question 13

Where is testosterone converted into oestradiol with aromatase?

Answer 13

Smooth ER and mitochondria

Question 14

What are primordial follicles?

Answer 14

Single layer of squamous follicular cells around a primary oocyte.

Question 15

What is a primary follicle?

Answer 15

Single layer of cuboidal/ columnar follicular cells, Granulosa cells

Question 16

What does FSH do?

Answer 16

Stimulates follicular growth

Question 17

What does LH do?

Answer 17

Further development of the ovarian follicles- supports the theca cells

Question 18

What may phthalate exposure cause to a foetus and why?

Answer 18

Testicular dysgenesis syndrome. Major reduction in testosterone production in leading cells. There is abnormal testes development, decrease in germ cell number and delayed differentiation

Question 19

What is hypospadias?

Answer 19

Failure of closure of the urogenital folds due to dysfunction of Ley dig cells

Question 20

What are the factors causing the bipotenital gonad to become male or female?

Answer 20

SRY, SOX-9

WNT-4, DAX-1

Question 21

What innervates the round ligament

Answer 21

Genitofemoral nerve

Question 22

In what patients can Uraemic syndrome be seen in?

Answer 22

Advanced kidney failure. GFR<10-15ml/min/1.73m2