People Flashcards
1
Q
Who is Athanasius?
(2)
A
Bishop of Alexandria
Most feared opponent of Arianism
2
Q
What is Athanasius’ background?
A
- Copt
- Lower class
- Visited Saint Anthony, a desert monk and wrote about him.
3
Q
Where and when did Athanasius live?
A
Alexandria - 296-373
4
Q
Major work of Athanasius?
A
“On the Incarnation of the Word”
5
Q
What did Athanasius believe about salvation?
A
New creation required for restoration after sin, one who re-creates us cannot be lesser than creator.
6
Q
Why is Athanasius important to church history?
A
Champion of Nicene Orthodoxy
7
Q
Who is Macrina? (2)
A
Founder of Greek Monasticism
One of the Great Cappadocians
8
Q
When and where did Macrina live?
A
Cappadocia - 327-380
9
Q
Who are Macrina’s siblings?
A
Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa
10
Q
What impact did Macrina have on her siblings and family? (4)
A
1) Called out Basil when he was being arrogant, encouraging him to faithfulness
2) Spiritual leader of family amidst crisis
3) Basil modeled his monastic community off of his sisters
4) It was Gregory’s last conversation with Macrina before she died that was the basis for “On the Soul and the Resurrection”
11
Q
What is Macrina’s background?
A
- Betrothed at 12
- Fiance died
- She committed to singleness and celibacy
12
Q
What did Macrina do as her life’s work?
A
Established monastic community for women in Annesi
13
Q
What was Macrina known as?
A
“The Teacher”
14
Q
Why is Macrina important to church history?
A
Founder of Greek Monasticism
15
Q
Who is Augustine?
A
Bishop of Hippo
16
Q
What is Augustine’s background?
A
- Monica, Christian mom
- Student of rhetoric
- Realizes one must seek truth
- Spent 9 yrs exploring Manichaeism
- Teacher of rhetoric
- Got into Neoplatonism
- Heard Ambrose Preach
- Internal battle - finally converted
17
Q
Before conversion, what were Augustine’s main issues with Christianity? (2)
A
1) bible inelegant: had stories with violence and brutality
2) origin of evil: if a good God made everything, why so much evil?
18
Q
What are some of the major writings of Augustine? (3)
A
“Confessions”
“Enchiridion”
“The City of God”
19
Q
What are some of the major theological ideas Augustine developed? (7)
A
1) Free will
2) Origins of evil
3) Just War Theory
4) Irresistible Grace
5) Purgatory
6) Pre-destination
7) Corpus Permixtom: Mixed body
20
Q
Why is Augustine important to Church history?
A
Most influential theologian in Western church
21
Q
What is Gregory I’s background?
(5)
A
- Born in Rome
- family old aristocracy
- Benedictine Monk
- After many years of wars and sieges, Rome in bad state
- Worked with Pope Pelagius to fix up Rome
22
Q
What was Gregory I like as a pope?
(4)
A
- Temporal ruler and religious ruler
- He fed people, secured peace, and fixed Rome
- Essentially being the ruler of Rome
- Considered himself patriarch of the West
23
Q
When was Gregory I pope?
A
590-604
24
Q
What was Gregory I’s theological contribution?
(6)
A
1) Original Sin - passed on through sex from Adam, weakness or sickness, sins as particular acts
2) Grace - emphasizes human cooperation
3) Predestination - through foreknowledge - God chooses who God knows will love God
4) Penance - Contrition of the heart, Confession of the mouth, Satisfaction of work
5) Purgatory - die with burden of minor sin, purified in purgatory
6) Mass as Sacrifice
25
How did Gregory I understand penance?
(3)
- Contrition of the heart
- Confession of the mouth
- Satisfaction of work
26
Why was Gregory I important to church history?
(4)
- Gregorian Chants
- Most capable popes ever
- Took Augustine’s ideas and confirmed them to be more certain, like purgatory
- Notion of mass as sacrifice
27
Who is Benedict of Nursia?
Founder of Western Monasticism
28
What is Benedict of Nursia's background?
- Nursia, Italy
- Wealthy family
- after education, becomes monk
- lives in a cave
- sets up small monastery
- Sets up community at Monte Cassino in 525
29
When did Benedict of Nursia live?
480-547
30
Why was Benedict of Nursia important to church history?
He wrote the "Rule" for monastic living
31
What were the characteristics of the "Rule"?
(3)
1) Practical
2) Spiritually Rigorous but physically moderate
3) Variety of circumstances
32
What was Vincent of Lerins main theological contribution?
Vincentian Canon
33
What is the Vincentian Canon?
(3)
Teachings must have:
1) Geographic universality
2) Temporal universality (Jesus is final revelation - no further innovation)
3) Sociological universality (all of the church must accept it)
34
Vincent of Lerins believed doctrine should be believed...
“always, everywhere, and by all”
35
Why is Vincent of Lerins important to church history?
Argued Augustinian ideas on predestination didn’t pass the temporal universality clause
36
Who is Charlemagne? And what was his influence?
- King of France
- Crowned by Pope Leo III
- Almost all of Western Christendom under his rule
- Ruled people in both civil and ecclesiastical manners
37
When was Charlemagne crowned King?
800, on Christmas Day
38
What is the time Charlemagne ushered in?
The Carolingian renaissance
39
What changes did Charlemagne make in the church?
(4)
1) Preaching in language of the people
2) Sunday be kept as a day of worship and rest
3) Tithes be collected as if they were a tax
4) School in every church - open to rich and poor
40
Why is Charlemagne important to church history?
Interlude of stability brought theological activity
41
Who is Radbertus and Ratramnus?
Both monks of Corbie
42
When did Radbertus live?
785-865
43
What were Radbertus and Ratramnus' differing opinions on the Eucharist?
Radbertus: Bread and wine become body and blood - mysterious transformation, humans can’t perceive it
Ratramnus: present mysteriously, not actually present - only seen through eyes of the faith - physical body of Jesus with God
44
When did Ratramnus die?
868
45
What were Radbertus and Ratramnus' differing opinions on the Perpetual Virignity?
Radbertus: Because birth is from sin due to sex, Jesus came to us miraculously, no labor pains
Ratramnus: Rejected notion Jesus born miraculously, insists Jesus born like normal baby, but without destroying Mary’s virginity - Mary was virgin before the birth, in the birth, and after the birth
46
What was the name of Radbertus and Ratramnus' separate writings on the Eucharist?
“On the body and the blood of the Lord”
47
Why are Radbertus and Ratramnus important to church history?
Their theological perspectives on:
- Transubstantiation
- Perpetual virginity of Mary
- Predestination
48
What is Gregory VII's background?
- Monk named Hildebrand
- Humble origins, father carpenter in Tuscany
- Wanted to reform the church
- worked with Pope Gregory VI
- Became Pope himself
49
When was Gregory VII pope?
1073-1085
50
What was Gregory VII's dream?
World united under one papacy
51
What were Gregory VII's reform beliefs / efforts?
(4)
1) Bible should not be translated into vernacular languages
2) Outlawed clerical marriage (1070)
3) Condemned simony (1070)
4) Forbade laity from receiving sacraments from simoniacs (which some viewed as defying Augustine’s whole thing)
52
What was the response to Gregory VII's reform efforts?
(5)
- The married priests and wealthy bishops teamed up against him
- Butted heads with Roman Emperor Henry IV (Henry wanted to be able to appoint Bishops, Gregory not into it)
- Henry and him clashed, ultimately Henry’s supporters elected new Pope, Clement III
- Henry invaded Rome and gave it to Clement
- Gregory had to go into exile, where he died
53
Why is Gregory VII important to church history?
Organized great military offensive against Islam - two decades later led to crusades
54
Who is St Francis of Assisi?
Started “Order of Lesser brothers” or Friar Minors
Mendicant order (monks begged)
55
What is St Francis of Assisi's background?
- Giovani di Bernardone
- Member of merchant class
- religious experience
- devoted to life of poverty
- first lived in woods in isolation
- then after sermon on Matt 10
- joined preaching and poverty, lived in city to care for poor
- sought out Pope Innocent III to start Monastic order
56
When did St Francis of Assisi live?
1181-1226
57
What was St Francis of Assisi's monastic order like?
- Distrusted study and saw poverty as necessary for humility
- Despite Francis insistence on not changing rules, rules changed and two parties emerged, rigorists and moderates.
58
Who was an important person to emerge from Franciscan order?
Alexander of Hales
59
Where did St Francis of Assisi live?
Assisi, Italy
60
Who is Dominic De Guzman?
Founded Order of Preachers (Dominicans)
61
When did Dominic De Guzman found the Dominicans?
1216
62
What is Dominic De Guzman's background?
- Born in in Caleruega, Spain
- from aristocratic family
- Visited Southern France in 1203 and saw the popularity of heretical Albigensian movement.
- Knew better method to preach against heresy, adopted Rule of Saint Augustine, added vow of poverty to refute claims of Albigensians
63
What was the Dominican order like?
(4)
- Order under Augustinian Rule
- Centered around universities and the urban poor
- Study was main emphasis
- poverty was a means to an end, not main thing
64
Who were important people to emerge from the Dominican order?
Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas
65
Who is Anselm of Canterbury?
“Father of Scholasticism”
Archbishop of Canterbury
66
When did Anselm of Canterbury live?
1033-1109
67
Main writings of Anselm?
(2)
“Proslogion”
“Cur Deus Homo” (why God became man)
68
What was Anselm's theological method?
Uses logic alone to make his case - saw reason in service to faith
69
What is Anselm's ontological argument?
1) Everyone has an understanding of God
2) Greater to exist in reality than to exist in understanding
3) There truly is a being than which no greater can be thought
70
What is Anselm's atonement theory?
Satisfaction theory of atonement
(leaves out devil)
71
Who is Peter Abelard?
Teacher at Notre Dame
72
When did Peter Abelard live?
1079-1142
73
What is Peter Abelard's background?
- Dad wanted him to be in the military, but he wanted to pursue education
- At 40, he tutors the niece of a Canon at Notre Dame, Fulbert, named Heloise, who is 18.
- She gets pregnant and has a son named Astrolabe
- They marry, Fulbert gets angry and has Abelard castrated.
- Abelard becomes a monk
74
What is Peter Abelard's theological method?
(3)
Popularizing through his Sic et Non
“Method of the Schools”
1) Pose question
2) Give arguments on both sides
3) Arrive at a resolution
75
What was Peter Abelard's atonement theory?
Moral Influence Theory
Cross: expression of God’s love that in turn inspires love in us
The problem: Humanity turned away from God
Solution: Turn humanity back around
Purpose of Jesus’ death: open our eyes - teach and show us God’s love, which inspires in us to love also - leading to contrition and repentance
76
What are notable writings of Peter Abelard?
(2)
Exposition of the Epistle to the Romans
Sic et Non (yes and no)
77
Who is Peter Lombard?
“Master of Sentences”
Teacher at Notre Dame
78
When did Peter Lombard live?
1100-1160
79
What was Peter Lombard's most influential writing?
“4 books of sentences” or “sentences”
80
What is the content of the "sentences"?
(4)
Book 1) God
Book 2) Creation
Book 3) Christology & Redemption
Book 4) Sacraments & Eschatology (on end times)
81
What was Peter Lombard's theological method?
(3)
1) Start with thesis or question
2) List authorities for and against propositions
3) Offer his own opinions or judgements (went farther than yes or nos)
82
What were the 7 sacraments Peter Lombard identified?
Identified the 7 sacraments
1) Baptism
2) Confirmation
3) Eucharist
4) Penance
5) Extreme unction (last rites)
6) Ordination
7) Marriage
83
Who is Innocent III?
Most powerful Pope in history
84
When was Innocent III pope?
1198-1216
85
What was Innocent III political theory?
The Sun and Moon
(Believed temporal and spiritual power instituted by God and that the Emperor received power from the Pope)
Pope: sun - greater light - over the soul
Emperor: moon - lesser light - over body
Just as the moon receives its light from the sun, so does the emperor receive his power from the pope
86
Why is Innocent III important to church history?
(2)
- Led and strongly steered 4th Lateran Council
- Influenced lots of European politics
87
Who is Thomas Aquinas?
Dominican Monk who taught in Paris
88
When did Thomas Aquinas live?
1225-1274
89
What were Thomas Aquinas' main theological contributions?
(3)
1) Knowledge
2) Proofs of God
3) Teleological Argument
90
What does Thomas Aquinas believe about knowledge?
Two fonts of knowledge: Reason & Revelation
- Although much can be worked out with reason
- some knowledge is necessary for salvation
- and thus must be available for even the unlearned
- So some essential knowledge made known through revelation
91
What did Thomas Aquinas believe about Proofs of God?
- All knowledge begins w/ sense of observation
- “5 ways” argument
- begin with senses, play out how they prove God
- God is “prime unmoved mover”
92
What did Thomas Aquinas believe about Teleological Argument?
Universe is ordered and purposeful - can’t be result of blind chance, must be result of God
93
Why is Thomas Aquinas important to church history?
- Made Aristotle more acceptable to Western Christianity.
- Paved the way for the scientific method and modernism through emphasis on learning from the physical world and God’s revelation in the natural world
94
Who is Joan of Arc?
“Maid of Orleans”
She had visions
95
Where is Joan of Arc from?
Domremy, France
96
When did Joan of Arc live?
1412-1431
97
What was the background context for Joan of Arc?
- 100 years war (1337-1475)
- between France and England
- involved the rest of Europe
- French King Charles V died amidst civil war
- His son, Charles VI claimed he was heir to throne
- but was besieged in Orleans.
98
What were Joan of Arc's visions?
Joan had visions of Saints Catherine and Margaret and Archangel Michael, ordering her to lead Charles VI troops to break the siege of Orleans, then have him crowned.
99
What did Joan of Arc do?
She brought supplies across enemy lines and led successful armed attacks - finally siege broke, but she counseled not to follow retreating army on Sunday, for a day of prayer.
Charles VI became king, with Joan’s help.
100
What were the results of Joan of Arc's bravery and faithfulness?
- Charles VI Insisted she stay by his side, despite her wanting to return home
- She was captured and sold to french bishop who tried her as a heretic and witch - Reason: saying orders from heaven were in French and for dressing as a man
- she recanted at first
- then another vision where Saints Catherine and Margaret rebuked her
- she withdrew her recant
- burned alive
101
Why is Joan of Arc important to church history?
(3)
1) National hero of France
2) Saint in Catholic church
3) The war turned and Charles VI was king
102
Who is John Wycliffe?
Teacher at Oxford
Sought to reform the church and doctrine
103
When did John Wycliffe live?
1329-1384
104
What were notable writings of John Wycliffe?
"On Divine Dominion"
"On Civil Dominion"
105
What reforms did John Wycliffe advocate for?
(4)
1) Scripture is supreme authority in faith and in practice
2) Bible is God’s word given to all God’s people
3) Church is the totality of the predestined
4) Eucharist (rejects transubstantiation, truly present, but sacramentally or symbolically)
106
What did John Wycliffe believe about Legitimate Dominion?
(3)
- Legitimate dominion comes from God - exemplified by Christ - come to serve, not be served
- if trying to be served, not real authority, usurpation.
- Any ecclesiastical authority who collects taxes for own benefit or extends power beyond spiritual sphere is illegitimate
107
How did the church respond to the beliefs of John Wycliffe?
- Declared a heretic
- Posthumously condemned by Council of Constance
108
Why was John Wycliffe important to church history?
(3)
1) Translated Vulgate into English
2) Forerunner for Protestant reformation
3) Legitimate dominion comes from God, pope not authority, but invisible body of elect
109
Beliefs of the reformers who followed in John Wycliffe's footsteps
(8)
Lollards:
1) Translate bible into English
2) Preach their understanding of the Christian faith
3) Pastors should not hold civil office
4) Worship images = abomination
5) Enforcing clerical celibacy = abomination
6) Pilgrimages = abomination
7) Reject transubstantiation
8) Rejected prayers for the dead
110
Who is John Huss?
Preacher at Chapel of Bethlehem
Teacher at University of Prague
111
What is John Huss' background?
- Deeply religious
- while student at Prague, spent all money on an indulgence
- University of Praguee became influenced by Wycliffe
112
When did John Huss live?
1374-1415
113
What was John Huss' preaching aimed at reforming in the church?
(4)
Corruption of clergy:
1) Accusation of fornication
2) Absenteeism
3) Enriching themselves at the expense of the people
4) Simony
114
What were John Huss' later doctrinal reforms?
(3)
1) Church = predestined elect
2) Bible is final authority
3) Only God grant forgiveness - indulgences offer no forgiveness
115
How did the church respond to John Huss?
- Invited to Council of Constance to defend his views
- told he would be safe
- imprisoned and asked to recant
- refused
- burned to death
116
What were the "Four Articles," the beliefs of the Bohemian Resistance formed after John Huss' murder?
1) Word of God was to be preached freely throughout the kingdom
2) Communion given in both kinds, wine and bread
3) Clergy deprived of all wealthy, live in apostolic poverty
4) Gross and public sin be punished
117
Who is Catherine of Siena and what is her background?
- Mystic
- Catherine di Jacopo di Benincasa
- Middle class life
- inclined towards monasticism
- refused marriage
- sister died
- Dominican nun at 18
- Joined “sisters of the penance of St Dominic”
- Became teacher of mysticism
118
Where did Catherine of Siena live?
Siena, Italy
119
When did Catherine of Siena live?
1347-1380
120
What were Catherine of Siena's visions and what implications did they have?
Had vision: Jesus joined her is mystical marriage
Rome was seen as unsafe for Pope due to wars, but it was Catherine’s vision to see papacy return from Avignon.
She made pilgrimage to Rome and ministered to the people, who flocked to her and there was talk about miracles.
She wrote to Pope, urging him to return
Pope Gregory XI Returned to Rome in 1377
121
Why is Catherine of Siena important to church history?
(3)
1) Made a Saint
2) Only one of two women named “Doctor of the Church”
3) Influenced Pope Gregory XI to return papacy to Rome
122
Who is Julian of Norwich?
Mystic
123
What is Julian of Norwich's background?
- 15 visions of Christ
- next day, another vision to confirm the previous ones
- devoted the rest of her life to meditate on them
- made arrangements to be enclosed in a cell adjacent to the church
124
What is Julian of Norwich's notable writing?
Revelations on Divine Love
125
When did Julian of Norwich live?
1342-1417
126
Why is Julian of Norwich important to church history?
"Revelations on Divine Love" one of the most admired and discussed documents of medieval devotional writings
127
Who is William of Occam?
English Franciscan
Dominant thinker of Nominalism
128
When did William of Occam live?
1280-1349
129
What is William of Occam's understanding of God's power?
- Distinction between absolute and ordered power of God
- Potentia Absoluta - Absolute power (God sets the rules and can do whatever God wants)
- Potentia Ordinata - Ordered power (God established a covenant / rules)
130
What is William of Occam's understanding of God's covenant?
God’s covenant: Draw near to me and I will draw near to you
131
What is William of Occam's understanding of grace?
(3)
1) In a state a sin, through providential grace, which is a natural capacity we all have, we can love God and neighbor, and God will not deny us grace
2) God predestines through foreknowledge (God sees who will make use of covenant)
3) Grace appears:
Grace - plan of salvation
Grace - human capacity to love God
Grace - God accepts your good works
132
What is Occam's razor?
“the simplest explanation is usually the best one”
or
“one should not pose the existence of anything not necessary to respond to a question of explain an event”
133
Why is Occam important to church history?
By way of reaction - great influence on Martin Luther
