Events

Question 1

When was the Council of Nicea?

Answer 1

325

Question 2

Who was the Emperor and what was his role during the Council of Nicea?

Answer 2

Constantine called the council and presided over it.

Question 3

Who were Key Participants at the Council of Nicea? (5)

Answer 3

1) Arius
2) Alexander
3) Eusebius of Nicomedia
4) Eusebius of Caesarea
5) Athanasius

Question 4

What was the primary reason for the Council of Nicea?

Answer 4

To resolve the Arian Controversy
(Was the Logos co-eternal with God?)

Question 5

Who represented each “side” at Council of Nicea?

Answer 5

Eusebius of Nicomedia represented Arians because Arius was not a Bishop

Alexander of Alexandria represented the orthodox position

Question 6

What were the rulings / outcomes at the Council of Nicea? (3)

Answer 6

1) Declared Son homoousios (coequal, consubstantial, and coeternal) with Father
2) Condemned Arius
3) Drafted original form of Nicene Creed

Question 7

Why is the Council of Nicea important to Church history? (3)

Answer 7

1) Civil sentence added to religious sentence, intermingling of empire and church (Augustine exiling Arian Bishops)
2) Wording too vague: Left too much room for misinterpretation - Arian controversy not over!
3) First draft of Nicene Creed

Question 8

When was the Council of Constantinople?

Answer 8

381

Question 9

Who was emperor during Council of Constantinople?

Answer 9

Theodosius

Question 10

Who were Key Participants at the Council of Constantinople? (2)

Answer 10

1) Gregory of Nazianzus
2) Gregory of Nyssa

Question 11

What was the primary theological outcome of the Council of Constantinople?

Answer 11

Definitely proclaimed doctrine of the trinity

One essence in three persons
One ousia in three hypostases

Question 12

Why Council of Constantinople important in history? (5)

Answer 12

1) Confirmed results of council of Nicea
2) Produced revised Nicene Creed
3) Ended Trinitarian controversy
4) Affirmed deity of Holy Spirit
5) Condemned Apollinarianism

Question 13

When was the Council of Chalcedon?

Answer 13

451

Question 14

Who were the Key Participants at the Council of Chalcedon

Answer 14

Leo 1, Dioscurus, Eutyches

Question 15

What were the two opposing sides at the Council of Chalcedon, and what did they believe?

Answer 15

Antiochenes: Distinction between divine and human in Christ, humanity emphasized

Alexandrine: Divinity asserted at expense of humanity in Christ

Question 16

What were the results of the Council of Chalcedon?

Answer 16

Council created “Definitions of Faith,” which rejected the extremes of both positions and affirmed a more western / Tertullian perspective.

Definitions of Faith: two natures, one person

Question 17

Who was condemned at the Council of Chalcedon?

Answer 17

Dioscorus and Eutyches

Question 18

What were the Crusades?

Answer 18

Military offensive against Islam

Question 19

What were the goals of the Crusades?
(5)

Answer 19

1) Defeat Muslins who threatened Constantinople
2) Save Byzantine Empire
3) Reunite Eastern and Western church
4) Reconquer Holy Land
5) Win Heaven

Question 20

When was the first crusade and who influenced it?

Answer 20

Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont inspired first crusade - 1099

Question 21

When was the last crusade?

Answer 21

1270

Question 22

What were the impacts / consequences of the Crusades?
(7)

Answer 22

1) Mistrust and enmity between Christians and Muslims
2) Enhanced power of papacy
3) Increased Christian piety
4) Monastic military orders
5) Crusading spirit to combat heresy
6) Renewed contact with Muslims - theological impact of Averroes and Aristotle
7) Changed economy, money and the Bourgeoisie

Question 23

What is the Fourth Lateran Council?

Answer 23

A council led and steered heavily by Pope Innocent III

Question 24

When was the 4th Lateran Council?

Answer 24

1215

Question 25

What were the results of the 4th Lateran Council?
(10)

Answer 25

1) Doctrine of transubstantiation
2) Condemned Waldensians, Albigensian, and Joachim of Fiore
3) Episcopal inquisition - bishops find and destroy heresy
4) No new monastic orders
5) Every cathedral has school - open to poor
6) Clergy abstain from theater and game hunting
7) All faithful confess sins and receive communion once a year
8) No new relics w/o papal approval
9) All Jews & Muslims wear distinct garments
10) Unlawful for priests to change for the administration of sacraments

Question 26

Why is 4th Lateran Council important to church history?

Answer 26

Transubstantiation - only and sole explanation of what takes place in the Lord’s supper

Schools - increased education