Events Flashcards
When was the Council of Nicea?
325
Who was the Emperor and what was his role during the Council of Nicea?
Constantine called the council and presided over it.
Who were Key Participants at the Council of Nicea? (5)
1) Arius
2) Alexander
3) Eusebius of Nicomedia
4) Eusebius of Caesarea
5) Athanasius
What was the primary reason for the Council of Nicea?
To resolve the Arian Controversy
(Was the Logos co-eternal with God?)
Who represented each “side” at Council of Nicea?
Eusebius of Nicomedia represented Arians because Arius was not a Bishop
Alexander of Alexandria represented the orthodox position
What were the rulings / outcomes at the Council of Nicea? (3)
1) Declared Son homoousios (coequal, consubstantial, and coeternal) with Father
2) Condemned Arius
3) Drafted original form of Nicene Creed
Why is the Council of Nicea important to Church history? (3)
1) Civil sentence added to religious sentence, intermingling of empire and church (Augustine exiling Arian Bishops)
2) Wording too vague: Left too much room for misinterpretation - Arian controversy not over!
3) First draft of Nicene Creed
When was the Council of Constantinople?
381
Who was emperor during Council of Constantinople?
Theodosius
Who were Key Participants at the Council of Constantinople? (2)
1) Gregory of Nazianzus
2) Gregory of Nyssa
What was the primary theological outcome of the Council of Constantinople?
Definitely proclaimed doctrine of the trinity
One essence in three persons
One ousia in three hypostases
Why Council of Constantinople important in history? (5)
1) Confirmed results of council of Nicea
2) Produced revised Nicene Creed
3) Ended Trinitarian controversy
4) Affirmed deity of Holy Spirit
5) Condemned Apollinarianism
When was the Council of Chalcedon?
451
Who were the Key Participants at the Council of Chalcedon
Leo 1, Dioscurus, Eutyches
What were the two opposing sides at the Council of Chalcedon, and what did they believe?
Antiochenes: Distinction between divine and human in Christ, humanity emphasized
Alexandrine: Divinity asserted at expense of humanity in Christ
What were the results of the Council of Chalcedon?
Council created “Definitions of Faith,” which rejected the extremes of both positions and affirmed a more western / Tertullian perspective.
Definitions of Faith: two natures, one person
Who was condemned at the Council of Chalcedon?
Dioscorus and Eutyches
What were the Crusades?
Military offensive against Islam
What were the goals of the Crusades?
(5)
1) Defeat Muslins who threatened Constantinople
2) Save Byzantine Empire
3) Reunite Eastern and Western church
4) Reconquer Holy Land
5) Win Heaven
When was the first crusade and who influenced it?
Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont inspired first crusade - 1099
When was the last crusade?
1270
What were the impacts / consequences of the Crusades?
(7)
1) Mistrust and enmity between Christians and Muslims
2) Enhanced power of papacy
3) Increased Christian piety
4) Monastic military orders
5) Crusading spirit to combat heresy
6) Renewed contact with Muslims - theological impact of Averroes and Aristotle
7) Changed economy, money and the Bourgeoisie
What is the Fourth Lateran Council?
A council led and steered heavily by Pope Innocent III
When was the 4th Lateran Council?
1215
