People Flashcards
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
- Food and water
- Security and safety
- Belonging and love
- Self esteem / prestige / status
- Self-actualization
Physiological -> social -> cognitive
John Watson & BF Skinner - Behaviorism
Behaviorists believe the environment manipulates biological and psychological drives and needs, resulting in development.
Learning is the result of reward and punishment (positive v. negative stimulus)
Edward Thorndike
“Law of effect” - when a stimulus response connection is followed by a reward (reinforcement), connection is strengthened
Freud
Psychoanalytic / psychosexual
O (b-18m), A (2-3y), P (3-5y), L (6-12y), G (12-19)
P - oedipus / Electra complex
Libido is basic energy
Fixation occurs when stage is incomplete
Other concepts include: castration anxiety, penis envy, pleasure principle, reality principle
Erik Erickson 8 Stages
T, A, I, I, Id, In, G, I
- Trust v mistrust (b-11/2): Hope, infant develops trust if needs are met
- Autonomy v shame and doubt (11/2-3): Will, infant asserts self; develops independence if allowed
- Initiative v guilt (3-6): Purpose, children meet challenges, assume responsibility
- Industry v inferiority (6-11): Competence, children master social skills or feel inferior
- Identity v role confusion (adolescence): Fidelity, ability to commit or feels confused about adult roles
- Intimacy v isolation (early adulthood): Love, seek intimate relationships or fears giving up independence and becoming lonely
- Generavity v stagnation (middle adulthood): Care (investment in future), desire to produce something of value
- Integrity v despair (later adulthood): Wisdom, view life as meaningful or with regrets
Piaget
Two tendencies: organization (how we organize mental processes) & adaptation (adjustment to environment)
Within adaptation is 1) assimilation (modifying environment to individuals existing structure) or 2) accommodation (modifying individual in response to environmental)
Schema: mental structure that processes information, perceptions and experiences
Piaget four stages of cognitive development
- Sensorimotor (b-2): child differentiates self from objects; can think of an object not present; seeks stimulation
- Preoperational (2-7): language development, egocentric; has difficulty taking another POV; classifies objects by one feature
- Concrete operational (7-11): logical operations; can order objects, conservation
- Formal operational (11-15): abstract thinking, test hypotheses, logical problem solving
Kohlberg levels of moral development
- Preconventional
Stage 1: punishment and obedience
Stage 2: hedonistic orientation / obtaining rewards - Conventional
Stage 3: interpersonal acceptance / good relations / approval of others
Stage 4: law and order, conform to legit authorities - Postconventional
Stage 5: utilitarian orientation / values and rules are relative
Stage 6: self-chosen principled orientation / universal ethical principles
Daniel Levinson 3 major transitions
- Early adulthood (17-22)
- Mid-life (40-45)
- Late adult (60-65)
3 sets of developmental tasks:
a. Build and enhance life structure
b. Form components such as life dream, occupation, family, love
c. Tasks to become individuated
Urie Brofenbrenner
Ecological approach to human development / looked all all levels and systems impacting a person
Albert Bandura SLT
- Developed social learning theory based on self-efficacy (the belief we can perform some behavior or task)
- Self-efficacy is displayed via: modeling, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion and one’s own physiological states
William Perry 3/9
- Dualism
a. authorities know
b. there are true and wrong authorities
c. good authorities may know but may not know everything yet - Relativism is Discovered
a. uncertainty may be okay
b. all knowledge may be relative
c. when uncertain, I’ll have to make decision - Commitment in Relativism
a. initial commitment
b. several commitments and balancing them
c. commitments evolve, and may be contradictory
Judith Jordan / self-in-relation theory aka relational-cultural theory
A. People grow toward relationships
B. Mature functioning comes from mutuality and deep connections
C. Psychological growth comes from diversified relational networks
D. Mutual empathy and empowerment
E. Relationships require engagements to be authentic and stimulate growth
F.
Stanley Strong / social influence model of counseling
Counselee May view counselor as having these:
1. Expert - formal training, knowledge
2. Attractive - client has desire to gain counselors approval
3. Trustworthy - counselor perceived as caring
Leon Festinger / cognitive dissonance
An individuals behaviors are inconsistent with their thoughts and beliefs
Kubler-Ross / grief
Dying persons behaviors:
1. Denial and isolation
2. Anger
3. Bargaining
4. Depression
5. Acceptance
Karen Horney
- neo Freudian
- believed security was major motivation and person becomes anxious when not achieved
Erich Fromm
- believed individual must join with others to develop self-fulfillment or may become lonely
- society offers opportunities for love and respect
Harry Stack Sullivan
- interpersonal approach can lead to understanding human behavior
- social interactions
Robert Carkhuff (5)
5 point scale to measure empathy, genuineness, concreteness and respect
Level 1: does not attend to clients affect (where do you think he went)
Level 2: subtracts noticeably from clients affect (you seem a little worried about this)
Level 3: interchangeable with clients affect (you’re very anxious and concerned about his whereabouts)
Level 4: adds noticeably to clients affect (&5 you’re very anxious, afraid for safety, concerned of relationship)
Level 5: adds significantly to clients affect
Carl Jung
- collective unconscious: determined by evolutionary development and contains brain patterns for intense emotional human responses
- archetype: response pattern occurring universally (ex. anima and animus aka female and male traits)
Goals: gaining knowledge of self, therapy viewed as healing process
Myers Briggs is based on this theory
Adler BO & FC
- collaborative effort, stress is on client responsibility
- “the question”: what would be different if you were well?
Birth order: kids in same fam have different psychological environments due to birth order:
Oldest: lots of attention, dependable, hard-working
Second: shares attention, race to compete with first
Middle: left out, “poor me” attitude
Youngest: pampered, goes own way
Only: doesn’t learn to share, handles adults well
family constellation: the bonds and sense of belonging that may exist within a family tree
Gordon Allpoet and Kurt Lewin
Allport said: personalities exist within systems of interaction
Lewin said: behavior is a function of life space which includes person and the environment
Beck / cognitive therapy
- identified automatic thoughts in clients / internal communication system
- beck depression inventory
- person experiences a negative cognitive shift
Joseph wolpe / RI
- created theory of reciprocal inhibition: person cannot be anxious and relaxed at same time.
- systematic desensitization: intervention which reduces anxiety by associating negative stimuli with positive events (ex. Bad images paired with muscle relaxation)
Donald Meichenbaum
- cognitive behavior modification - shift from self-defeating thoughts to coping
- “stress inoculation”: practicing positive self-statements
