Misc Flashcards
Tabula Rasa
John Lockes view that children begin as a “black slate” acquiring their characteristics through experience
Plasticity
For most individuals, lifespan development is plastic, representing an easy and smooth transition from one stage to the next
Four principal neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine - memory, cognitive function, emotional balance and control
Serotonin - feelings, behaving, thinking, sleep and anxiety control
Dopamine - emotional wellness, motivation, pleasurable feelings
GABA (gamma amino butyric acid) - reduce anxiety, promotes sleep and relaxation
Conditioning Principles
Classical conditioning: food / bell
Operant conditioning: pick up toys, gets cookie
Reinforcement schedule: can be continuous or variable. Behaviors through variable reinforcement are harder to stop.
Fixed v Variable ratio / interval
FR: reinforce after a fixed # of responses
VR: reinforce, on the average, after every nth response
FI: reinforce after a fixed period of time
VI: reinforce, on the average, after every nth minute
Defense Mechanisms R P Rf R D I R D S
Repression: rejecting from conscious thought what provoked anxiety (rape)
Projection: avoiding conflict within oneself by moving motives to someone else (affair)
Reaction formation: expressing motive that is complete opposite of original intent (insecure -> overly masculine)
Rationalization: providing reason and concealing true motive (didn’t really want to go to that school)
Displacement: substituting a dif object for the impulse being expressed (yelled at by boss, yelling at wife)
Introjection: identifying through fantasy (acting like bully to avoid)
Regression: retreating to earlier forms of behavior (scared college - sucking thumb)
Denial: refusing to see something
Sublimination: positive / energy channeled into socially acceptable activities (anger issues -> rugby)
Intelligence, as defined by Piaget
Adaptive thinking or action OR ability to think abstractly.
Influenced by environment, experiences and culture
A formal mental status exam includes
A. Appearance and behavior
B. Thought process
C. Mood and affect
D. Intellectual functioning
E. Sensorium - addresses awareness of surroundings, time, place and identity
YAVIS v QUOID
young, attractive, verbal, intelligent, successful
Quiet, ugly, old, indigent, dissimilar
Indicators to look for re: suicidal
Depression and anger, someone talking about commuting suicide, having a plan and means, giving away valuable possessions, suffering loss or rejection
Androgyny
Everyone has both male and female characteristics.
Triune model of the brain
- surviving brain: responds to danger and controls automatic function (flight v fight)
- feeling brain: limbic system / emotional center
- thinking brain: cortex / exec functioning, self-awareness
Neuroplasticity: brains ability to reproduce new neurons
Paradoxical intention
Clients are urged to “intend” the thing that they wish to change. Can work with smoking, insomnia
Implosive therapy
- intervention that presents vivid images (flooding) and then the anxiety is expected to diminish (extinguish) with repeated exposure and absence of threat
Thought stopping
- intervention which consciously stops recurring thoughts when they occur
Johari Window
Known to self / not known to self
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t
h
è
r
s
/
n
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- created by Joe Luft and Harry Ingram
- client brings material into window during counseling; some is known and other information is not
Principles:
- change in one quadrant affects all
- takes energy to hide, deny behavior
- threat & trust increases awareness
- the smaller the first quadrant, the poorer the communication
- universal curiosità about unknown areas
- goal is to minimize lower right Q and maximize upper left Q
Models of Consultation / Bergan, Bandura, Splete
Bergan (behavioral model): problem identification, analysis, plan implementation, problem evaluation
Bandura (social learning model): dynamic interplay of behaviors, cognitions and environment
9 stage process of consultation by Splete: pre-contract, contract and exploring relationship, contracting, problem identification, analysis, feedback, implementation, evaluation, conclusion
Neurolinguistic programming
- created by Bandler and Grinder
- a communications theory using five senses
- examines the structure of language
Kinesics vs Proxemics
Kinesics: nonlinguistic commutation through body movements (facial expressions)
Proxemics: spatial features of environment (how we arrange space)
Paradigm shift
Moving to family counseling requires paradigm shift in thinking: shift focus from individual perspective, problem solving is viewed from a systems perspective
Reciprocal determinism (linear v circular)
- every member can influence and be influenced by other member
Linear: one event causes another, language (content) may explain what is occurring
Circular: moving forces in many directions at same time. Explanation of what is occurring focuses on the process
