Misc

Question 1

Tabula Rasa

Answer 1

John Lockes view that children begin as a “black slate” acquiring their characteristics through experience

Question 2

Plasticity

Answer 2

For most individuals, lifespan development is plastic, representing an easy and smooth transition from one stage to the next

Question 3

Four principal neurotransmitters

Answer 3

Acetylcholine - memory, cognitive function, emotional balance and control

Serotonin - feelings, behaving, thinking, sleep and anxiety control

Dopamine - emotional wellness, motivation, pleasurable feelings

GABA (gamma amino butyric acid) - reduce anxiety, promotes sleep and relaxation

Question 4

Conditioning Principles

Answer 4

Classical conditioning: food / bell
Operant conditioning: pick up toys, gets cookie
Reinforcement schedule: can be continuous or variable. Behaviors through variable reinforcement are harder to stop.

Question 5

Fixed v Variable ratio / interval

Answer 5

FR: reinforce after a fixed # of responses
VR: reinforce, on the average, after every nth response
FI: reinforce after a fixed period of time
VI: reinforce, on the average, after every nth minute

Question 6

Defense Mechanisms R P Rf R D I R D S

Answer 6

Repression: rejecting from conscious thought what provoked anxiety (rape)

Projection: avoiding conflict within oneself by moving motives to someone else (affair)

Reaction formation: expressing motive that is complete opposite of original intent (insecure -> overly masculine)

Rationalization: providing reason and concealing true motive (didn’t really want to go to that school)

Displacement: substituting a dif object for the impulse being expressed (yelled at by boss, yelling at wife)

Introjection: identifying through fantasy (acting like bully to avoid)

Regression: retreating to earlier forms of behavior (scared college - sucking thumb)

Denial: refusing to see something

Sublimination: positive / energy channeled into socially acceptable activities (anger issues -> rugby)

Question 7

Intelligence, as defined by Piaget

Answer 7

Adaptive thinking or action OR ability to think abstractly.

Influenced by environment, experiences and culture

Question 8

A formal mental status exam includes

Answer 8

A. Appearance and behavior
B. Thought process
C. Mood and affect
D. Intellectual functioning
E. Sensorium - addresses awareness of surroundings, time, place and identity

Question 9

YAVIS v QUOID

Answer 9

young, attractive, verbal, intelligent, successful

Quiet, ugly, old, indigent, dissimilar

Question 10

Indicators to look for re: suicidal

Answer 10

Depression and anger, someone talking about commuting suicide, having a plan and means, giving away valuable possessions, suffering loss or rejection

Question 11

Androgyny

Answer 11

Everyone has both male and female characteristics.

Question 12

Triune model of the brain

Answer 12

• surviving brain: responds to danger and controls automatic function (flight v fight)
• feeling brain: limbic system / emotional center
• thinking brain: cortex / exec functioning, self-awareness

Neuroplasticity: brains ability to reproduce new neurons

Question 13

Paradoxical intention

Answer 13

Clients are urged to “intend” the thing that they wish to change. Can work with smoking, insomnia

Question 14

Implosive therapy

Answer 14

• intervention that presents vivid images (flooding) and then the anxiety is expected to diminish (extinguish) with repeated exposure and absence of threat

Question 15

Thought stopping

Answer 15

• intervention which consciously stops recurring thoughts when they occur

Question 16

Johari Window

Answer 16

Known to self / not known to self
o
t
h
è
r
s
/
n
o
t

• created by Joe Luft and Harry Ingram
• client brings material into window during counseling; some is known and other information is not

Principles:
- change in one quadrant affects all
- takes energy to hide, deny behavior
- threat & trust increases awareness
- the smaller the first quadrant, the poorer the communication
- universal curiosità about unknown areas
- goal is to minimize lower right Q and maximize upper left Q

Question 17

Models of Consultation / Bergan, Bandura, Splete

Answer 17

Bergan (behavioral model): problem identification, analysis, plan implementation, problem evaluation

Bandura (social learning model): dynamic interplay of behaviors, cognitions and environment

9 stage process of consultation by Splete: pre-contract, contract and exploring relationship, contracting, problem identification, analysis, feedback, implementation, evaluation, conclusion

Question 18

Neurolinguistic programming

Answer 18

• created by Bandler and Grinder
• a communications theory using five senses
• examines the structure of language

Question 19

Kinesics vs Proxemics

Answer 19

Kinesics: nonlinguistic commutation through body movements (facial expressions)

Proxemics: spatial features of environment (how we arrange space)

Question 20

Paradigm shift

Answer 20

Moving to family counseling requires paradigm shift in thinking: shift focus from individual perspective, problem solving is viewed from a systems perspective

Question 21

Reciprocal determinism (linear v circular)

Answer 21

• every member can influence and be influenced by other member

Linear: one event causes another, language (content) may explain what is occurring

Circular: moving forces in many directions at same time. Explanation of what is occurring focuses on the process