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People Flashcards

1
Q

Norman Triplett

A

first study of social psychology, effect of competition on performance

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2
Q

BF Skinner

A

behaviorism, behavior modification and token economies, operant conditioning, agreed with Thorndike, rejected the stress on mentalistic terms such a satisfying and annoying, moved to positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment and extinction

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3
Q

Freud

A

not all mental illnesses have physiological causes, cultural differences have an impact on psychology and behavior

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4
Q

Albert Bandura

A

cognitive revolution in psychology 1960s, social learning theory stressed the importance of observational learning, imitation, modeling

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5
Q

Jean Piaget

A

understanding of children’s intellectual development, qualitative differences between adult and child thought, four stages of cognitive development, cognitive growth as a continuous process, development of thought that directs development of language

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6
Q

Carl Rogers

A

emphasis on human potential, humanist,

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7
Q

William James

A

father of american psychology, functionalism, pragmatism

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8
Q

Erik Erikson

A

stage theory of psychosocial development, ego psychologist, psychoanalytic theory

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9
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

conditioned reflexes, rise of behaviorism, moved psychology away from introspection and subjective to objective measurement of bheavior, credited with the founding of the basic principles of classical conditioning, salvation of dogs in response to food

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10
Q

Kurt Lewin

A

father of modern social psychology, pioneering work using scientific methods and experimentation to look at social behavior, boy’s after school program - autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire

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11
Q

William McDougall and E.H. Ross

A

First textbook on social psychology

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12
Q

Verplank

A

Social approval influences behavior, contribution to reinforcement theory

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13
Q

Festinger and Carlsmith

A

when behavior can be justified by means of external inducements there is no need to change internal cognitions (cognitive dissonance experiment)

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14
Q

Daryl Bem

A

Self-perception Theory

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15
Q

Carl Hovland

A

persuasion = the communicator, the communication, and the situation

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16
Q

Carl Hovland and Walter Weiss

A

study on source credibility, showed highly credible sources were more effective in short term and sleeper effect

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17
Q

Petty and Cacioppo

A

Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion, two routes of persuasion: central and peripheral

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18
Q

William McGuire

A

analogy of inoculation with cultural truisms - when not inoculated quite susceptible to attack

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19
Q

Stanley Shachter

A

greater anxiety does lead to greater desire to affiliate

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20
Q

Aronson and Linder

A

Gain-Loss Principle - evaluation that changes will have more of an impact

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21
Q

Robert Zajone

A

key figure in mere-exposure research

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22
Q

Darley and Latane

A

tested social influence factors and diffusion of responsibility factors

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23
Q

Batson

A

empathy-altruism model

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24
Q

Muzafer Sherif

A

individuals conformed to the group (autokinetic effect); their judgements convered on some group norm, robber’s cave

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25
Soloman Asch
length of lines conformity experiment
26
Clark and Clark
Doll Preference Task
27
MJ Lerner
tendency of indiviudals to believe in a just world, increases likelihood of blaming the victim
28
Theodore Newcomb
demonstrating the influence of group norms, Bennington College Study
29
Edward Hall
there are cultural norms that govern how far we stand from the people we're speaking to
30
Philip Zimbardo
people are more likely to commit antisocial acts when they feel anonymous, prison simulation
31
Irving Janis
groupthink leads to wrong decisions
32
James Sntoner
shift with group decisions toward caution instead of risk
33
Eagly
suggested that gender differences in conformity were not due to gender per se but to differing social roles
34
John Locke
Tabula Rasa
35
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
opposed Tabula Rasa, society was not only unnecessary but also a detriment to optimal development
36
G Stanley Hall
father of developmental psychology
37
John Watson
criticized a focus on mentalistic concepts, agreed with tabula rasa, believed emotions as well as thought were acquired through learning
38
Arnold Gesell
development ocured as a biological process, blueprint from birth, "nativist
39
RC Tryon
Inheritance of maze-running ability in laboratory rats, one oc the clearest examples of heredity of behavior
40
Lewis Terman
compared group of children with high IQs to typical, first study to focus on gifted children
41
Lev Vygotsky
driving cognitive development is the child's internalization of various aspects of culture, zone of proximal development
42
Lenneberg, Rebelsky, and Nichols
babbling same in hearing and deaf
43
Petitto and Marentett
deaf children with parents using sign babble with their hands
44
Thomas and Chess
examine temperament, infant emotional and behavioral style : easy, slow to warm up, and difficult
45
Wolff
three distinct patters of crying, basic, pain, anger
46
Harry Harlow
bonding between parent and child is also important to emotional behavior, contact comfort is more essential than physical needs
47
John Bowlby
phases of attachment, pre, familiar-unfamiliar, seeks out and responds to mother, responds to mother's absense
48
Mary Ainsworth
strange situation procedure, three attachment relationships
49
Konrad Lorenz
imprinting, imitated the strut of jackdaw the infant became attached, during a certain critical period, beginning of ethology, rejected idea that animal behavior could be understood in the laboratory, only out in the field
50
Kohlberg
three phases of moral thought consisting of two stages each
51
Carol Gilligan
males and females adopt different perspectives on moral issues, caring and compassion
52
Diana Baumrind
proposed three distinct parenting styles: permissive, authoritarian, and autoritative
53
William Sheldon
characterized people by body type, endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy
54
EG Boring
changing spirit of the times caused development of psychology, zeitgeist, historian of psychology sensory, perception
55
Edward Titchener
Introspection, Structuralism,
56
Philippe Pinel
people with mental illness should be treated with consideration and kindness, beneficial effects
57
Dorothea Dix
advocate of treating hospitalized mentally ill in a humane way
58
Carletti and Bini
electroshock believed could cure schizophrenia
59
Emil Kraepelen
classification as a precursor to DSM
60
Carl Jung
psychoanalytic theory, personal and collective unconscious
61
Alfred Adler
creative self, immediate social imperatives of family and society and their effects on factors, inferioirty, lifestyle
62
Karen Horney
neurotic personality is governed by one of ten needs, to overcome anxiety children move toward people to obtain good, against people or to gain the upper hand
63
Anna Freud
Ego Psychology
64
Martin Seligman
leanred helplessness
65
Abraham Maslow
humanist theorist, hierarchy of human motives, self-actualization, lowest level physiology and safetly needs, then belongingness and love, then esteem, cognitive and aesthetic needs, then self-actualization
66
George Kelly
individual as scientist, anxious people have diffulty constructing and understanding variables in their environment
67
Victor Frankl
people according to specific types of personality
68
Raymond Cattell
trait theorist, factor analysis, 16 traits
69
Eysenk
added to Jung's division, factor analysis
70
Allport
cardinal, central, and secondary traits, functional autonomy
71
Herman Witkin
relationship between an individual's personality and her perception of hte world, field dependence
72
Julian Rotter
internal and external locus of control
73
Sandra Bern
androgyny
74
Walter Mischel
Human behavior is largely determined by the characteristics of hte isutation rather than by the person
75
Thomas Szasz
mental illnesses are different, not illness, the myth of mental illness
76
Kernberg & Klein & Winnicott & Mahler
Object Relations Theorists
77
Rosenhan
People should excercise greater care when judging normality and abnormality
78
Franz Gall
phrenology
79
Pierre Flourense
extirpation/ablation, first to study major sectiosn of the brain
80
Johannes Muller
nervous system underlies behavior, law of specific nerve energies
81
Hermann von Helmholtz
speed of nerve impuls, transition of psychology into natural sciences
82
Sir Charles Sherrington
inferred existence of synapses, thought electrical
83
Walter Cannon
PNS, homeostasis
84
Olds and Milner
rats septal regions stimulated found it so pleasruable that they preferred it to eating
85
Kluver and Bucy
linked amygdala with defensive and aggressive behavior in monkeys, syndrome resluting from bilateral removal of hte amygdala
86
Brenda Milner
described HMs memory problems in detail (anterograde amnesia
87
Hubel and Wiesel
physiology of visual perception, single cell recording
88
Sperry and Gazziniga
severing the corpus collosum
89
AR Luria
wrote about many neuropsychological disorders
90
Ernst Weber
investigation of muscle sense, just noteable difference in sensation
91
Gustav Fechner
relationship between physical stimuli and psychological responses to stimuli, Weber's Law
92
Sir Francis Galton
one of hte first researchers interested in individual differences, measured sensory abilities of nearly 10,000 people
93
Max Wertheimer
Gestalt psychology founder, phi phenomenon
94
John A Swets
refined the use fo the ROC curve
95
Donald Broadbent
selective attention acts as a filter between sensory stimuli and processing systems all or nothing
96
Edward Thorndike
one of the earliest psychologists to study learning, functionalist, early behaviorist, law of effect
97
Robert Rescorla
suggested classical conditioning was a matter of learning signals for UCS, contigency explanation of classical condition, learning signals for the UCS
98
Edward tolman
rats in mazes to show tha tbehavior isn't always a simple matter of stimulus reposnse reinforcement
99
Kohler
cofounder of the school of gestalt psychology, disagreed with trial and error, chimp experiments
100
John Garcia
preparedness
101
Keller and Marion Breland
instinctual drift in racoons
102
Niko Tinbergen
experimental methods into the field
103
Karl von Fisch
honeybees are able to communicate the direction and distance of foodb y dances
104
EO Wilson
sociobiology, behavior is due to a complex and dynamic interplay between genetics and environment
105
Clark Hull
theory of motivation to reduce biological drive
106
Herman Ebbinghaus
memory research, meaningless strings of letters to study capacity of our memory system, nonsense syllables, method of savings, forgetting curve
107
Edward Titchener
structuralism, introspection, functionalism behaviorsism, Gestalt
108
Noam Chomsky
linguist, opposed behaviorist position that speech is best explained by operant conditionig
109
George Sperling
partial report memory
110
Collins and Loftus
Spreading aftivcation mdel
111
Craik and Lockhart
Levels of PRocessing/Depth of PRocessing Theory
112
Sir Frederick Bartlett
subjects reconstructed the story in line with their own expectations and schema, prior knowledge and expectations influence recall
113
Elzabeth Loftus
eyewitness memory
114
Benjamin Whorf
linguistic relativity hypothesis
115
Macoby and Jacklin
better verbal abilities in girls than boys
116
Spearman
g
117
Sternberg
3 aspects to intelligence, componential, experiental, creativity, and contextual
118
Howard Gardner
theory of multiple intelligences
119
Raymond Cattell
fluid and crystallized intelligence
120
Arthur Jensen
IQ genetic
121
McClelland and Rumelhart
parallel distributed parocesses
122
William Wundt
first psychology lab
123
Hermann Ebbinhaus
higher mental processes could be studied using experimental methodology, memory with nonsense syllables
124
Oswald Kulpe
strongly believed you could have imageless thought, against Wundt
125
Binet-Simon
assess intelligence in French shcool children
126
Binet
mental age
127
William Stern
equation to compare mental age to chronological age, intelligence quotient

GRE Psych Condense (4 decks)

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