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1
Q

Norman Triplett

A

first study of social psychology, effect of competition on performance

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2
Q

BF Skinner

A

behaviorism, behavior modification and token economies, operant conditioning, agreed with Thorndike, rejected the stress on mentalistic terms such a satisfying and annoying, moved to positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment and extinction

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3
Q

Freud

A

not all mental illnesses have physiological causes, cultural differences have an impact on psychology and behavior

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4
Q

Albert Bandura

A

cognitive revolution in psychology 1960s, social learning theory stressed the importance of observational learning, imitation, modeling

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5
Q

Jean Piaget

A

understanding of children’s intellectual development, qualitative differences between adult and child thought, four stages of cognitive development, cognitive growth as a continuous process, development of thought that directs development of language

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6
Q

Carl Rogers

A

emphasis on human potential, humanist,

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7
Q

William James

A

father of american psychology, functionalism, pragmatism

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8
Q

Erik Erikson

A

stage theory of psychosocial development, ego psychologist, psychoanalytic theory

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9
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

conditioned reflexes, rise of behaviorism, moved psychology away from introspection and subjective to objective measurement of bheavior, credited with the founding of the basic principles of classical conditioning, salvation of dogs in response to food

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10
Q

Kurt Lewin

A

father of modern social psychology, pioneering work using scientific methods and experimentation to look at social behavior, boy’s after school program - autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire

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11
Q

William McDougall and E.H. Ross

A

First textbook on social psychology

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12
Q

Verplank

A

Social approval influences behavior, contribution to reinforcement theory

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13
Q

Festinger and Carlsmith

A

when behavior can be justified by means of external inducements there is no need to change internal cognitions (cognitive dissonance experiment)

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14
Q

Daryl Bem

A

Self-perception Theory

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15
Q

Carl Hovland

A

persuasion = the communicator, the communication, and the situation

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16
Q

Carl Hovland and Walter Weiss

A

study on source credibility, showed highly credible sources were more effective in short term and sleeper effect

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17
Q

Petty and Cacioppo

A

Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion, two routes of persuasion: central and peripheral

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18
Q

William McGuire

A

analogy of inoculation with cultural truisms - when not inoculated quite susceptible to attack

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19
Q

Stanley Shachter

A

greater anxiety does lead to greater desire to affiliate

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20
Q

Aronson and Linder

A

Gain-Loss Principle - evaluation that changes will have more of an impact

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21
Q

Robert Zajone

A

key figure in mere-exposure research

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22
Q

Darley and Latane

A

tested social influence factors and diffusion of responsibility factors

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23
Q

Batson

A

empathy-altruism model

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24
Q

Muzafer Sherif

A

individuals conformed to the group (autokinetic effect); their judgements convered on some group norm, robber’s cave

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25
Q

Soloman Asch

A

length of lines conformity experiment

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26
Q

Clark and Clark

A

Doll Preference Task

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27
Q

MJ Lerner

A

tendency of indiviudals to believe in a just world, increases likelihood of blaming the victim

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28
Q

Theodore Newcomb

A

demonstrating the influence of group norms, Bennington College Study

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29
Q

Edward Hall

A

there are cultural norms that govern how far we stand from the people we’re speaking to

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30
Q

Philip Zimbardo

A

people are more likely to commit antisocial acts when they feel anonymous, prison simulation

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31
Q

Irving Janis

A

groupthink leads to wrong decisions

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32
Q

James Sntoner

A

shift with group decisions toward caution instead of risk

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33
Q

Eagly

A

suggested that gender differences in conformity were not due to gender per se but to differing social roles

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34
Q

John Locke

A

Tabula Rasa

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35
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A

opposed Tabula Rasa, society was not only unnecessary but also a detriment to optimal development

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36
Q

G Stanley Hall

A

father of developmental psychology

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37
Q

John Watson

A

criticized a focus on mentalistic concepts, agreed with tabula rasa, believed emotions as well as thought were acquired through learning

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38
Q

Arnold Gesell

A

development ocured as a biological process, blueprint from birth, “nativist

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39
Q

RC Tryon

A

Inheritance of maze-running ability in laboratory rats, one oc the clearest examples of heredity of behavior

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40
Q

Lewis Terman

A

compared group of children with high IQs to typical, first study to focus on gifted children

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41
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

driving cognitive development is the child’s internalization of various aspects of culture, zone of proximal development

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42
Q

Lenneberg, Rebelsky, and Nichols

A

babbling same in hearing and deaf

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43
Q

Petitto and Marentett

A

deaf children with parents using sign babble with their hands

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44
Q

Thomas and Chess

A

examine temperament, infant emotional and behavioral style : easy, slow to warm up, and difficult

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45
Q

Wolff

A

three distinct patters of crying, basic, pain, anger

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46
Q

Harry Harlow

A

bonding between parent and child is also important to emotional behavior, contact comfort is more essential than physical needs

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47
Q

John Bowlby

A

phases of attachment, pre, familiar-unfamiliar, seeks out and responds to mother, responds to mother’s absense

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48
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

strange situation procedure, three attachment relationships

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49
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

imprinting, imitated the strut of jackdaw the infant became attached, during a certain critical period, beginning of ethology, rejected idea that animal behavior could be understood in the laboratory, only out in the field

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50
Q

Kohlberg

A

three phases of moral thought consisting of two stages each

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51
Q

Carol Gilligan

A

males and females adopt different perspectives on moral issues, caring and compassion

52
Q

Diana Baumrind

A

proposed three distinct parenting styles: permissive, authoritarian, and autoritative

53
Q

William Sheldon

A

characterized people by body type, endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy

54
Q

EG Boring

A

changing spirit of the times caused development of psychology, zeitgeist, historian of psychology sensory, perception

55
Q

Edward Titchener

A

Introspection, Structuralism,

56
Q

Philippe Pinel

A

people with mental illness should be treated with consideration and kindness, beneficial effects

57
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

advocate of treating hospitalized mentally ill in a humane way

58
Q

Carletti and Bini

A

electroshock believed could cure schizophrenia

59
Q

Emil Kraepelen

A

classification as a precursor to DSM

60
Q

Carl Jung

A

psychoanalytic theory, personal and collective unconscious

61
Q

Alfred Adler

A

creative self, immediate social imperatives of family and society and their effects on factors, inferioirty, lifestyle

62
Q

Karen Horney

A

neurotic personality is governed by one of ten needs, to overcome anxiety children move toward people to obtain good, against people or to gain the upper hand

63
Q

Anna Freud

A

Ego Psychology

64
Q

Martin Seligman

A

leanred helplessness

65
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

humanist theorist, hierarchy of human motives, self-actualization, lowest level physiology and safetly needs, then belongingness and love, then esteem, cognitive and aesthetic needs, then self-actualization

66
Q

George Kelly

A

individual as scientist, anxious people have diffulty constructing and understanding variables in their environment

67
Q

Victor Frankl

A

people according to specific types of personality

68
Q

Raymond Cattell

A

trait theorist, factor analysis, 16 traits

69
Q

Eysenk

A

added to Jung’s division, factor analysis

70
Q

Allport

A

cardinal, central, and secondary traits, functional autonomy

71
Q

Herman Witkin

A

relationship between an individual’s personality and her perception of hte world, field dependence

72
Q

Julian Rotter

A

internal and external locus of control

73
Q

Sandra Bern

A

androgyny

74
Q

Walter Mischel

A

Human behavior is largely determined by the characteristics of hte isutation rather than by the person

75
Q

Thomas Szasz

A

mental illnesses are different, not illness, the myth of mental illness

76
Q

Kernberg & Klein & Winnicott & Mahler

A

Object Relations Theorists

77
Q

Rosenhan

A

People should excercise greater care when judging normality and abnormality

78
Q

Franz Gall

A

phrenology

79
Q

Pierre Flourense

A

extirpation/ablation, first to study major sectiosn of the brain

80
Q

Johannes Muller

A

nervous system underlies behavior, law of specific nerve energies

81
Q

Hermann von Helmholtz

A

speed of nerve impuls, transition of psychology into natural sciences

82
Q

Sir Charles Sherrington

A

inferred existence of synapses, thought electrical

83
Q

Walter Cannon

A

PNS, homeostasis

84
Q

Olds and Milner

A

rats septal regions stimulated found it so pleasruable that they preferred it to eating

85
Q

Kluver and Bucy

A

linked amygdala with defensive and aggressive behavior in monkeys, syndrome resluting from bilateral removal of hte amygdala

86
Q

Brenda Milner

A

described HMs memory problems in detail (anterograde amnesia

87
Q

Hubel and Wiesel

A

physiology of visual perception, single cell recording

88
Q

Sperry and Gazziniga

A

severing the corpus collosum

89
Q

AR Luria

A

wrote about many neuropsychological disorders

90
Q

Ernst Weber

A

investigation of muscle sense, just noteable difference in sensation

91
Q

Gustav Fechner

A

relationship between physical stimuli and psychological responses to stimuli, Weber’s Law

92
Q

Sir Francis Galton

A

one of hte first researchers interested in individual differences, measured sensory abilities of nearly 10,000 people

93
Q

Max Wertheimer

A

Gestalt psychology founder, phi phenomenon

94
Q

John A Swets

A

refined the use fo the ROC curve

95
Q

Donald Broadbent

A

selective attention acts as a filter between sensory stimuli and processing systems all or nothing

96
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

one of the earliest psychologists to study learning, functionalist, early behaviorist, law of effect

97
Q

Robert Rescorla

A

suggested classical conditioning was a matter of learning signals for UCS, contigency explanation of classical condition, learning signals for the UCS

98
Q

Edward tolman

A

rats in mazes to show tha tbehavior isn’t always a simple matter of stimulus reposnse reinforcement

99
Q

Kohler

A

cofounder of the school of gestalt psychology, disagreed with trial and error, chimp experiments

100
Q

John Garcia

A

preparedness

101
Q

Keller and Marion Breland

A

instinctual drift in racoons

102
Q

Niko Tinbergen

A

experimental methods into the field

103
Q

Karl von Fisch

A

honeybees are able to communicate the direction and distance of foodb y dances

104
Q

EO Wilson

A

sociobiology, behavior is due to a complex and dynamic interplay between genetics and environment

105
Q

Clark Hull

A

theory of motivation to reduce biological drive

106
Q

Herman Ebbinghaus

A

memory research, meaningless strings of letters to study capacity of our memory system, nonsense syllables, method of savings, forgetting curve

107
Q

Edward Titchener

A

structuralism, introspection, functionalism behaviorsism, Gestalt

108
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

linguist, opposed behaviorist position that speech is best explained by operant conditionig

109
Q

George Sperling

A

partial report memory

110
Q

Collins and Loftus

A

Spreading aftivcation mdel

111
Q

Craik and Lockhart

A

Levels of PRocessing/Depth of PRocessing Theory

112
Q

Sir Frederick Bartlett

A

subjects reconstructed the story in line with their own expectations and schema, prior knowledge and expectations influence recall

113
Q

Elzabeth Loftus

A

eyewitness memory

114
Q

Benjamin Whorf

A

linguistic relativity hypothesis

115
Q

Macoby and Jacklin

A

better verbal abilities in girls than boys

116
Q

Spearman

A

g

117
Q

Sternberg

A

3 aspects to intelligence, componential, experiental, creativity, and contextual

118
Q

Howard Gardner

A

theory of multiple intelligences

119
Q

Raymond Cattell

A

fluid and crystallized intelligence

120
Q

Arthur Jensen

A

IQ genetic

121
Q

McClelland and Rumelhart

A

parallel distributed parocesses

122
Q

William Wundt

A

first psychology lab

123
Q

Hermann Ebbinhaus

A

higher mental processes could be studied using experimental methodology, memory with nonsense syllables

124
Q

Oswald Kulpe

A

strongly believed you could have imageless thought, against Wundt

125
Q

Binet-Simon

A

assess intelligence in French shcool children

126
Q

Binet

A

mental age

127
Q

William Stern

A

equation to compare mental age to chronological age, intelligence quotient

GRE Psych Condense (4 decks)

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