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LECOM MS1 Gross Anatomy - Pelvis/Abdomen/Thorax 2022 > Pelvis Clinical Supplement > Flashcards

Pelvis Clinical Supplement Flashcards

1
Q

heart shaped pelvic inlet more commonly found in males

A

“android<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

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2
Q

rounded pelvic inlet shape more commonly found in males

A

“anthropoid<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

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3
Q

__________ shaped pelvic inlet heart shaped, more narrow, most common female

A

“gynecoid<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

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4
Q

_____________ shaped pelvic inlet oval, wide, uncommon

A

“platypelloid<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

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5
Q

extends from superior aspect of pubic symphesis to sacral promontory

A

“obstetric conjugate (pelvis diameter)<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

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6
Q

extends from the inferior aspect of the pubic symphesis to sacral promontory

A

“diagonal conjugate (pelvis diameter)<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

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7
Q

what pelvis diameter can be estimated during a manual pelvic exam

A

diagonal conjugate

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8
Q

-posterior aspect of the pubic symphesis to sacral promontory<br></br>-unaffected by relaxation of the pelvic ligaments

A

true conjugate (pelvis diameter)

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9
Q

___________ distance extends between the ischial spines

A

“interspinous distance<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

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10
Q

_____________ joint<br></br>plane synovial<br></br>articular surfaces are irregular to allow interlocking<br></br>commonly ossifies with age

A

“sacro iliac<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

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11
Q

secondary cartilaginous articulation<br></br>includes a fibro cartilaginous disc

A

“pubic symphysis<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

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12
Q

where is a common site to obtain red bone marrow for transplants/diagnostic purposes?

A

“crest of the ilium<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

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13
Q

what structures are in danger during marrow harvesting at the crest of the ilium?

A

superficial circumflex iliac artery, ilioinguinal n., lateral femoral cutaneous <br></br>(tensor fascia lata, external oblique, latissimus dorsi)

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14
Q

during what procedures is the ureter in danger of iatrogenic injury?

A

hysterectomy<br></br>ovarectomy

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15
Q

where does the ureter pass in respect to the uterine artery?

A

under

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16
Q

where does the ureter run in respect to the ovarian vessels?

A

run together (where they pass the pelvic inlet)

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17
Q

what artery is ligated to reduce blood flow in the pelvis during surgery

A

internal iliac

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18
Q

internal iliac anastomoses– 5

A

“uterine -> ovarian (aorta)<br></br>iliolumbar/circumflex iliac -> lumbar (aorta)<br></br>lateral sacral -> median sacral (aorta)<br></br>inferior rectal/middle rectal -> superior rectal (IMA)<br></br>inferior gluteal -> profunda femoris (femoral)<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

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19
Q

disruption of perineal body during episiotomy can result in dysfunction of the ______________ muscles and herniation of the pelvic contents

A

“levator ani<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

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20
Q

collapse of the bladder into the anterior wall of the vagina<br></br>may also occur with injury to the supportive structures of the vagina

A

“cystocele<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

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21
Q

anterior and inferior protrusion of the rectum into the posterior wall of the vagina

A

“rectocele<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

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22
Q

anterior and inferior protrusion of the rectovaginal pouch (with gut loops) into the posterior wall of the vagina

A

“enterocoele<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

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23
Q

what superficial fascia of the ab wall continues onto the penis and scrotum as dartos fascia

A

“scarpa’s”

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24
Q

what deep investing fascia extends over the shaft of the penis

A

“bucks fascia<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

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25
Q

what fascia covers the superficial perineal muscles?

A

external perennial fascia

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26
Q

“lacerations of the spongy urethra with an intact buck’s fascia will lead to urine spread _________(where?)”

A

“along shaft of penis<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

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27
Q

lacerations between _________ and ______________ urethra = urine spills into the true pelvis, inferior to the peritoneum

A

“prostatic, membranous<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

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28
Q

lacerations of _________ and ______________ urine leaks into the superficial pouch (scrotum) along the shaft of the penis and along the anterior wall, deep to scarpas fascia

A

“spongy urethra, Buck’s fascia<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

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29
Q

a condition where the foreskin cannot be retracted over the glans penis; can interfere with urinary/reproductive function

A

“phimosis<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

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30
Q

constriction of the glans penis by a tight band of foreskin; can lead to ischemia

A

“paraphimosis<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

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31
Q

“a buildup of scar tissue within the tunica albuginea of the penis resulting in an abnormal (painful) curvature during erection; associated with a family history of Dupuytren’s contracture”

A

“Peyronie’s disease<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

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32
Q

____________ - when the bladder is full or distended (or in children), it can be approached immediately superior to the pubic symphysis for drainage, avoiding entering the peritoneal cavity.

A

“Suprapubic cystotomy<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

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33
Q

Bladder infections are much more common in ___________. Their urethra is shorter, more distendableand opens to the vaginal vestibule

A

females

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34
Q

-herniation of the bladder along the anterior wall of the vagina<br></br>-occurs with injury or weakness of pelvic and urogenital diaphragm or vaginal support (transverse cervical ligament, uterosacral ligament)

A

“cystocele<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

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35
Q

the lowest point (in the upright position) of the female abdominal cavity; accumulates blood or ascites; can be drained through the posterior vaginal fornix (transvaginal paracentesis)

A

“rectouterine pouch (pouch of douglas)<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

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36
Q

__________ - region extending between pelvic diaphragm and skin<br></br>-anterior recess extends between pelvic diaphragm and UGD<br></br>-can be involved in the spread of an abscess from the anal canal (ischioanal abscess)<br></br>-spread is limited:<br></br>—-above by pelvic diaphragm<br></br>—-anterior and laterally by obturator internus muscle and pelvic wall

A

“ishioanal fossa<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

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37
Q

-the inferior rectal nerve traverses the adipose tissue in this fossa. damage to this nerve (due to draining an abscess) will result in fecal incontinence (anal seepage)

A

“ishioanal fossa<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

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38
Q

___________ abscess - infections involving the submucosa of the anal canal; may form an anal fistula when a tunnel is created by extension of the abscess and opens onto perianal skin (thus, pus andfeces ooze from the opening of the fistula)

A

Perinanal

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39
Q

provides a route for metastasis of cancerous cellsor spread of infections from pelvic organs to the vertebral column, skull and brain

A

“batson’s plexus<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

40
Q

when does blood from pelvic veins goes into vertebral plexus?

A

“valsalva maneuver<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

41
Q

Blood from the LL can reach the heart without traversing the IVC by going through _______________

A

“batson’s plexus<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

42
Q

Signs of benign prostatic hypertrophy

A

“nocturia (frequent waking to void), dysuria (painful urination) and urgency<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

43
Q

Prostate cancer arises most commonly from the __________ lobe

A

“posterior<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

44
Q

Removal/ablation of the prostate endangers the prostatic nerve plexus which carries both sympathetic (via ____________ nerves) and parasympathetic axons (via __________________)to the penis

A

“hypogastric, pelvic splanchnic nerves (1)<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

45
Q

A major concern after a radical prostatectomy is ___________________

A

“erectile dysfunction<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

46
Q

protrusion of the cervix into the vaginal canal - the cervix may protrude all the way to the external vaginal orifice

A

“cervical prolapse<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

47
Q

uterine prolapse usually results from weakness in the ______________

A

“pelvic diaphragm<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

48
Q

uterosacral ligament provides minimal assistance in preventing prolapse.<br></br>-it is derived from endopelvic fascia and carries sympathetic and parasympathetic axons to<br></br>the __________

A

“uterus<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

49
Q

“____________________ (aka cardinal, Mackenrodt’s lig) ligament provides minimal assistance in preventing prolapse.<br></br>-it is derived from pelvic fascia”

A

“transverse cervical<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

50
Q

postmenopausal bleeding is a sign of potentially having _____________

A

uterine cancer

51
Q

Implantation site anywhere outside the body of the uterus; tubal implantation is the most common ectopic site and poses the risk of rupture and bleeding

A

“Ectopic pregnancy<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

52
Q

3 sites of anesthesia for child birth

A

Spinal, Caudal epidural, Pudendal nerve block

53
Q

______________ anesthesia<br></br>-Anesthesia is injected into the subarachnoid space<br></br>-spinal anesthesia results in anesthesia of: _____(4)_______<br></br>-Impedes sensory relay along sympathetic, parasympathetic and lumbosacral nerves

A

spinal, uterus, vagina, pelvic floor, and lower extremities

54
Q

______________ anesthesia<br></br>-Anesthesia is injected into the sacral canal<br></br>- Results in anesthesia of: _____(4)______<br></br>-Impedes sensory relay along sacral nerves (i.e. pudenal nerve, pelvic splanchnic nerves)

A

caudal epidural, cervix, vagina, pelvic floor and lower extremity (same as spinal

55
Q

Pudendal nerve block<br></br>-Anesthesia is injected at the iliac spine<br></br>-Results in anesthesia of ____(2)_____ <br></br>-Impedes sensory relay along the pudendal nerve only

A

lower vagina and pelvic floor

56
Q

“Blood supply to the uterus is via the ________ artery branching off of the internal iliacs (the ureter crosses inferior to the uterine artery - ““water under the<br></br>bridge””)”

A

“uterine<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

57
Q

collateral supply to the uterus is from the ___________ artery (from abdominal aorta)

A

ovarian

58
Q

derived from remnants of the mesonephric duct, found lateral to vagina

A

“Gartner’s duct cyst<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

59
Q

____________ situated between layers of the broad ligament

A

“Epoophoron (““above the egg basket””)<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

60
Q

a surgical incision that begins at the posterior aspect of the vagina (posterior fourchette) through the vaginal wall and skin to expand the birth canal; major complications are bleeding and incontinence

A

Episiotomy

61
Q

___________ episiotomy<br></br>incision begins posteriorly and extends laterally at 45-90°; permits wide expansion but may involve the ischioanal fossa<br></br>-spares the perineal body but damages the bulbospongiosus and transverse perineal muscles; <br></br>-more likely to have bleeding (from perineal and/or posterior labial arteries)

A

“mediolateral<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

62
Q

___________ episiotomy<br></br>damages the perineal body (+ perineal membrane) and insertions of the bulbospongiosus and transverse perineal muscles > external anal sphincter&raquo_space; puborectalis/pubovaginalis<br></br>-during repair care must be taken to avoid suturing into the rectal/anal mucosa

A

“median<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

63
Q

“above the pectinate line, the anal canal has ________ innervation (endoderm derived!) <br></br>-it has autonomic innervation (distention, but no ““pain”” innervation!) <br></br>-lymph: internal iliac nodes <br></br>-arterial: inferior mesenteric artery + internal pudendal artery<br></br>-venous drainage: portal system”

A

visceral

64
Q

“above the pectinate line, the anal canal has visceral innervation (endoderm derived!) <br></br>-it has autonomic innervation (distention, but no ““pain”” innervation!) <br></br>-lymph: ______________ nodes <br></br>-arterial: inferior mesenteric artery + internal pudendal artery<br></br>-venous drainage: portal system”

A

“internal iliac<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

65
Q

“above the pectinate line, the anal canal has visceral innervation (endoderm derived!) <br></br>-it has autonomic innervation (distention, but no ““pain”” innervation!) <br></br>-lymph: internal iliac nodes <br></br>-arterial: __________+____________<br></br>-venous drainage: portal system”

A

“inferior mesenteric artery, internal pudendal artery<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

66
Q

“above the pectinate line, the anal canal has visceral innervation (endoderm derived!) <br></br>-it has autonomic innervation (distention, but no ““pain”” innervation!) <br></br>-lymph: internal iliac nodes <br></br>-arterial: inferior mesenteric artery and internal pudendal artery<br></br>-venous drainage: ____________”

A

“portal system<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

67
Q

below the pectinate line, the anal canal has _________ innervation (ectoderm derived!) <br></br>lymph: superficial inguinal nodes <br></br>arterial: pudendal <br></br>venous: caval system

A

“somatic<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

68
Q

below the pectinate line, the anal canal has somatic innervation (ectoderm derived!) <br></br>lymph: ________________ nodes <br></br>arterial: pudendal <br></br>venous: caval system

A

“superficial inguinal<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

69
Q

below the pectinate line, the anal canal has somatic innervation (ectoderm derived!) <br></br>lymph: superficial inguinal nodes <br></br>arterial: ___________ <br></br>venous: caval system

A

“pudendal<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

70
Q

below the pectinate line, the anal canal has somatic innervation (ectoderm derived!) <br></br>lymph: superficial inguinal nodes <br></br>arterial: pudendal <br></br>venous: ________________

A

“caval system<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

71
Q

nerve injury - injury affecting the pudendal nerve or autonomics; spinal stenosis, cauda equina<br></br>syndrome, conus medullaris syndrome, stroke, trauma, abscess in ischioanal fossa<br></br>-will lead to ______________

A

fecal incontinence

72
Q

muscle weakness - damage to external anal sphincter, perineal body and/or levator ani (especially<br></br>puborectalis)<br></br>-will lead to ______________

A

“fecal incontinence<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

73
Q

“-related to internal rectal venous plexus and breakdown of muscularis mucosa<br></br>-prolapse of mucosa and dilated veins which can become strangulated or ulcerated<br></br>-involves visceral part of canal and are not painful (““visceral”” innervation)”

A

“internal hemorrhoids<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

74
Q

-involve blood clots within veins of the external rectal plexus<br></br>-covered by skin (somatic innervation–painful!)

A

“external hemorrhoids<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

75
Q

the retroperitoneal (superior) segment of the rectum drains to ______________ nodes

A

“inferior mesenteric<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

76
Q

”"”sub”“peritoneal segment of the rectum drains to ____________ and ____________ nodes”

A

“pararectal, sacral<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”

77
Q

the superior portion of the bladder drains to _________ nodes

A

external iliac

78
Q

the inferior portion of the bladder drains to _________ nodes

A

internal iliac

79
Q

most of the lymph from the prostate drains to _________ nodes

A

internal iliac

80
Q

most of the lymph from the penis drains to _________ nodes <br></br>(except distal corpus spongiosum and glans)

A

internal iliac

81
Q

distal corpus spongiosum of the penis and glans both drain to __________ nodes

A

deep inguinal

82
Q

lymph from the testes drains to _________ nodes

A

lumbar (para-aortic)

83
Q

lymph from the perennial skin drains to _________ nodes

A

superficial inguinal

84
Q

lymph from the scrotum drains to _________ nodes

A

superficial inguinal

85
Q

lymph from the uterine tube/ovary drains to _________ nodes

A

lumbar

86
Q

lymph from the fundus of uterus drains to _________ and ___________ nodes

A

lumbar, external iliac

87
Q

lymph from the body of uterus drains to _________ and ___________ nodes

A

lumbar, external iliac

88
Q

lymph from the cervix of uterus drains to _____(4)_____ nodes

A

external iliac, internal iliac, obturator, sacral

89
Q

lymph from the upper 2/3 of vagina drains to __________ nodes

A

external iliac, internal iliac

90
Q

lymph from the upper 1/3 of vagina + vulva drains to __________ nodes

A

superficial inguinal

91
Q

the anterior aspect of the scrotum receives its main cutaneous innervation from the ___________ nerve<br></br>(L1) and _____________________ nerve (L1 & L2)

A

ilioinguinal, genital branch of the genitofemoral

92
Q

the posterior aspect of the scrotum receives cutaneous innervation from the _________ nerve (S2-4)

A

pudendal

93
Q

Lower extremity <br></br>(Symp. levels T10-L2) preganglionic in IML. post ganglioic cell bodies _______

A

sympathetic chain

94
Q

Testes/Ovary <br></br>(Symp. levels T10-T11) preganglionic in IML. post ganglioic cell bodies _______

A

prevertebral

95
Q

Large intestine <br></br>(hindgut)(Symp. levels L1-L2) preganglionic in IML. post ganglioic cell bodies _______

A

Inferior mesenteric ganglia

96
Q

Pelvic organs <br></br>(Symp. levels L1-L2) preganglionic in IML. post ganglioic cell bodies _______

A

hypogastric plexus

LECOM MS1 Gross Anatomy - Pelvis/Abdomen/Thorax 2022 (4 decks)

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