Pelvis and urinary system

Question 1

What kidney is slightly lower and why?

Answer 1

Right
to make space for the liver

Question 2

Organisation of kidneys

Answer 2

Mulptiple apexes of all the renal pyramids give off a minor calyx, which join together to make a major calyx, urine from these drains into the pelvis of the ureter

Question 3

What are the main three articulations of the hip bones?

Answer 3

Sacroiliac joint
Pubic symphysis
Hip joint

Question 4

What does the sacroiliac joint articulate with?

Answer 4

Sacrum

Question 5

What does the pubic symphysis articulate with?

Answer 5

Articulation between the left and right hip bones

Question 6

What does the hip joint articulate with?

Answer 6

The head of the femur

Question 7

What are the three parts of the hip bone?

Answer 7

Ilium
Pubis
Ischium

Question 8

What seperates the three parts of the hip bone? When do they fuse together?

Answer 8

Before puberty the triradiate cartilage seperates them
Fusion begins at the age of 15-17

Question 9

What are the two surfaces of the wing of the ilium?

Answer 9

Inner surface which has a concave shape and produces the iliac fossa
External surface which is convex and provides attachments to the gluteal muscles

Question 10

What is the iliac crest?

Answer 10

The thickened superior margin of the wing of the ilium
Extends from anterior superior iliac spine to the posterior superior iliac spine

Question 11

What is the greater sciatic notch?

Answer 11

Indentation on the posterior aspect of the ilium

Question 12

What parts is the pubis made up of ?

Answer 12

Pubic body
Superior pubic ramus
Inferior pubic ramus

Question 13

Pubic body

Answer 13

Located medially and articulates with other pubic body at the pubic symphysis
Superior aspect is marked by a rounded thickening which is the pubic crest that extends laterally as the pubic tubercle

Question 14

Superior pubic ramus

Answer 14

Extends laterally from the body to form part of the acetabulum

Question 15

Inferior pubic ramus

Answer 15

Projects towards the ischium

Question 16

What is the obturator foramen?

Answer 16

Large, oval opening found in the anteroinferior part of each hip bone through which the obturator nerve, artery, and vein pass to the lower limb
Superior and inferior ramus together enclose part of it

Question 17

What comes togteher to form the ischiopubic ramus?

Answer 17

The inferior ischial ramus and inferior pubic ramus

Question 18

Where are the ischial tuberosities? What do they do?

Answer 18

The posteroinferior aspect of the ischium
Where our body weight falls when we are sitting

Question 19

What is the sacrospinous ligament?

Answer 19

Runs from the ischial spine to the sacrum, creating the greater sciatic foramen through which lower limb neurovasculature transcends

Question 20

What are the functions of the pelvis?

Answer 20

Transfer of weight from the upper axial skeelton to the lower appendicular components of the skeletons during movement
Provides attachment for a numebr of muscles and ligaments used in locomotion
Contains and protects the abdominopelvic and pelvic viscera

Question 21

What is the greater/false pelvis?

Answer 21

Located superiorly, provides support of lower abdominal viscera such as ileum and sigmoid colon
It has little obstetric relevance

Question 22

What is the lesser/true pelvis?

Answer 22

Located inferiorly, within it resides the pelvic cavity and the pelvic viscera

Question 23

What is the junction betwen the greater and lesser pelvis called?

Answer 23

Pelvic inlet

Question 24

How is a gynaecoid pelvis different to an android pelvis?

Answer 24

Wider and broader structure yet lighter in weight
Oval shaped inlet compared with heart shaped android pelvis
Less prominent ischial spines for a greater bispinous diameter and greater sub-pubic arch
Shorter, more curved sacrum

Question 25

What is the ureteropelvic junction?

Answer 25

The point where the renal pelvis narrows to form the ureter

Question 26

What is the course of the ureters at the area of the sacroiliac joints?

Answer 26

They cross the pelvic brim, entering the pelvic cavity
At this point they also cross the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries

Question 27

What vessels supply the abdominal part of the ureters?

Answer 27

Renal artery, testicular/ovarian artery, ureteral branches from the abdominal aorta

Question 28

What vessels suppply the pelvic part of the ureters?

Answer 28

Superior and inferior vesical arteries

Question 29

What are the external features of the bladder?

Answer 29

Apex, body, fundus and neck

Question 30

What is the trigone of the bladder?

Answer 30

Triangular area inside the fundus of the bladder that marks the left and right ureters and the urethra
Smooth walls unlike the rest of the internal bladder due to its embryological origin

Question 31

How does the bladder contract during micturition?

Answer 31

Bladder wall contains specialised smooth muscle known as detrusor muscle which has fibres orientated in multiple directions in order to maintain integrity when stretched

Question 32

What are the two sphincters located in the urethra?

Answer 32

Internal urethral sphincter is different between males and females
External urethral sphincter is the same in both sexes