Abdomen

Question 1

Superficial fascia above the umbilicus

Answer 1

Single sheet of connective tissue, it is continuous with the superficial fascia in other regions of the body

Question 2

Superficial fascia below the umbilicus

Answer 2

Two layers- fatty superficial layer and the membranous deep layer
superficial vessels and nerves run between them

Question 3

What is the linea alba?

Answer 3

Fibrous structure that extends from the xiphoid process of the sternum to the pubic symphysis
formed by the entwining of flat muscle aponeuroses

Question 4

Function of the external oblique

Answer 4

Contralateral rotation of the torso

Question 5

External oblique

Answer 5

attachments- originates form ribs 5-12, inserts into iliac crest and pubic tubercle
runs in an inferiomedial direction, perpendicular to internal

Question 6

Function of the internal oblique

Answer 6

Bilateral contraction compresses the abdomen
unilateral contraction ipsilaterally rotates the torso

Question 7

Internal oblique

Answer 7

attachments- originates from inguinal ligament, iliac crest and lumbodorsal fascia, and inserts into ribs 10-12
runs in a superomedial direction, perpendicular to external

Question 8

Transversus abdominus

Answer 8

Deepest part of flat muscles, runs in a transverse direction

Question 9

Where does the transversus abdominus originate and insert into?

Answer 9

origin- inguinal ligament, costal cartilages 7-12, iliac crest
inserts- xiphoid process, linea alba and pubic crest

Question 10

Rectus abdominus

Answer 10

Long paired muscle split in half by the linea alba, has fibrous strips called tendinous intersections
originates from pubic crest, inserts into xiphoid process

Question 11

What is the function of the rectus abdominus?

Answer 11

Assists the flat muscles in compressing abdominal viscera
stabilises the pelvis during walking and deppresses ribs

Question 12

What is the function of the transversus abdominus?

Answer 12

Compression of abdominal contents

Question 13

What is the rectus sheath?

Answer 13

Encloses the rectus abdominus
formed by the aponeuroses of the three flat muscles

Question 14

What is the foregut?

Answer 14

Mouth region to the second part of the duodenum, where the bile duct input is

Question 15

What is the midgut?

Answer 15

End of the foregut to halfway through the transverse colon

Question 16

What is the hindgut?

Answer 16

Last portion of the descending colon, sigmoid colon and the rectum

Question 17

What vessel is the foregut supplied by?

Answer 17

Celiac trunk

Question 18

What vessel is the midgut supplied by?

Answer 18

Superior mesenteric artery

Question 19

What vessel is the hindgut supplied by?

Answer 19

Inferior mesenteric artery

Question 20

What is the mesentery?

Answer 20

Double fold of peritoneal tissue that suspends the small intestine and large intestine from the posterior abdominal wall
Classified as an organ due to contiguous structure

Question 21

What is the function of the mesentery?

Answer 21

Anchors intestines in place while still allowing some movement
provides a conduit for blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels

Question 22

What is the greater omentum?

Answer 22

Part of the peritoneum that hangs down the curvature of the stomach like an apron
can travel to areas of injury/damage and wraps round to protect it

Question 23

What is the falsiform ligament?

Answer 23

Attachment of the liver to the anterior abdominal wall
splits the left and right lobes of the liver

Question 24

Duodenum

Answer 24

First part of the small intestine
C shape around the pancreas

Question 25

What are pilcae circularis?

Answer 25

Bteween end of duodenum and ileum, slow down movement of food and increase surface area for absorption of nutrients

Question 26

What is the major duodenal papilla?

Answer 26

Opening at which bile and pancreatic secretions enter the hepatopancreatic ampulla

Question 27

What does retroperitoneal mean?

Answer 27

Only covered anteriorly by the peritoneum

Question 28

What does intraperitoneal mean?

Answer 28

Covered by peritoneum on both sides so it is within it

Question 29

Where is the duodenojejunal flexture?

Answer 29

Where the duodenum meets the jejnum at a sharp turn

Question 30

How is the small intestine covered by peritoneum?

Answer 30

Initial part of superior duodenum is intraperitoneal remainder is retroperitoneal

Question 31

How is the stomach covered by peritoneum?

Answer 31

Intraperitoneal

Question 32

What are the four parts of the stomach?

Answer 32

Cardia, fundus, body, pylorus

Question 33

What is the hepatogastric ligament?

Answer 33

Joins the stomach to the liver at the lesser curvature

Question 34

What vessels supply the greater curvature of the stomach?

Answer 34

Short gastric arteries and the left gastro-omental arteries

Question 35

What vessels supply the lesser curvature of the stomach?

Answer 35

Left gastric artery and right gastric branch of the hepatic artery

Question 36

What are the two sphincters of the stomach?

Answer 36

Inferior oesophageal sphincter and pyloric sphinctor

Question 37

What does the pyloric sphincter control?

Answer 37

The exit of chyme from the stomach when intragastric pressure overcomes the resistance of the pylorus

Question 38

What is the lesser omentum?

Answer 38

Arises at the lesser curvature and ascends to attach to the liver

Question 39

Stomach innervation

Answer 39

Parasympathetic- anterior and posterior gastric nerves Sympathetic- celiac plexus

Question 40

Pancreas relation to the peritoneum

Answer 40

Mostly retroperitoneal apart from the tail Tail lies within the splenorenal ligament so it is intraperitoneal

Question 41

What is the ampulla of vater?

Answer 41

Where the bile duct and main pancreatic duct join together, where the digesitve juices enter into the 2nd part of the duodenum via the major duodenal papilla

Question 42

Splenic artery

Answer 42

Part of the celiac trunk and comes off the aorta Supplies blood to the spleen but also to the body and tail of the pancreas Job is to decrease blood pressure as it enters the spleen

Question 43

What is the function of the spleen?

Answer 43

largest secondary lymphoid organ in the body so filters blood and presents any antigens which results in the maturation of lymphocytes role in degradation of erythrocytes

Question 44

How is the spleen related to the peritoneum?

Answer 44

Left side of the greater omentum extends to the spleen as the gastrosplenic ligament and then splits to wrap aorund it so it is intraperitoneal continues to the left kidney as the splenorenal ligament

Question 45

Branches of the celiac trunk

Answer 45

common hepatic artery going to the right side of the body splenic artery and left gastric arteries both go to the left

Question 46

What does the left gastric artery supply?

Answer 46

some of the oesophagus and the lesser curvature of the stomach