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Repro Anatomy > Pelvis and Perineum 3 > Flashcards

Pelvis and Perineum 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the female reproductive system include?

A

Uterus
Fallopian tubes
Vagina
Ovaries

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2
Q

Which 3 structures constitute the birth canal?

A

Cervix
Vagina
Vulva

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3
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

A

Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium

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4
Q

What does the uterus develop into as pregnancy advances?

A

Uterine body develops into:
Upper segment of the uterus
Lower segment of the uterus

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5
Q

What area of the uterine body does the lower segment of the uterus develop from?

A

Isthmus of the uterus

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6
Q

Which part of the uterus is opened during a Caesarean section?

A

Lower segment of the uterus

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7
Q

What is the area between the cervix and uterus called?

A

The isthmus of the uterus

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8
Q

What type of incision is made to deliver the baby in a caesarean section?

A

Transverse incision

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9
Q

What is the normal position of the uterus called?

A

Anteflexed and Anteverted

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10
Q

What does a retroverted uterus mean?

A

It is tilted back towards the spine rather than forward

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11
Q

What effect can a retroverted uterus have in pregnancy?

A

Back pain

Difficulty finding fetus with ultrasound

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12
Q

What are fornices of the vagina?

A

Protrusion of the cervix into the vaginal vault

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13
Q

What are the names of the 2 fornices?

A

Posterior vaginal fornix (larger)

Anterior vaginal fornix (smaller)

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14
Q

Through which vaginal fornix can you access the rectouterine pouch?

A

Posterior vaginal fornix

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15
Q

What is the clinical significance of the posterior vaginal fornix?

A

It acts as a natural reservoir for semen after intravaginal ejaculation

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16
Q

How are the uterus and cervix anchored in position in the pelvis?

A

Ligamentous attachments

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17
Q

What are the 4 main ligamentous attachments of the uterus and cervix?

A

Ligament of ovary
Suspensory ligament of ovary
Round ligament of uterus
Broad ligament

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18
Q

What are the attachments of ligament of ovary?

A

Attached to the ovary inferiorly

Joins uterus below the origin of fallopian tubes

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19
Q

What are the attachments of the suspensory ligament of ovary?

A

From the ovary to the lateral abdominal wall

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20
Q

What are the attachments of the round ligament of the uterus?

A

Originates from uterine horns to the labia majora

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21
Q

What are the attachments of the broad ligament?

A

Connects the sides of the uterus to the walls and floor of the pelvis

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22
Q

Which ligament is known as the cardinal ligament?

A

Lateral cervical ligament
Transverse cervical ligament
Mackenrodt’s ligament

Major ligament of the uterus located at the base of the broad ligament

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23
Q

Is the cervix a fixed structure?

A

yes

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24
Q

Is the uterus a fixed structure

A

No- has the ability to move

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25
Q

What are other names for uterine tubes?

A

Fallopian tubes

Oviducts

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26
Q

How are the uterine tubes divided?

A

Into 4 parts

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27
Q

What are the 4 parts of the uterine tubes

A

Infundibulum
Fimbriae
Ampulla
Isthmus

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28
Q

What part of the uterine tube is the longest and widest?

A

Ampulla

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29
Q

Where in the uterine tube does fertilisation occur?

A

Ampulla

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30
Q

Where are the ovaries located?

A

Lateral walls of the pelvis

31
Q

What are the ovaries supported by?

A

2 ligaments

32
Q

What are the names of the 2 ligaments that support the ovaries?

A

Ovarian Ligament

Suspensory ligament of the ovary

33
Q

What are the attachments of the proper ovarian ligament?

A

From uterus to ovary

34
Q

What are the attachments of the suspensory ligament of the ovary?

A

Ovary to lateral pelvic wall

35
Q

Where is the blood supply to the ovaries from ?

A

the abdominal aorta

36
Q

What is the name of the branches of the aorta that supply the ovaries?

A

Ovarian (gonadal) arteries

37
Q

What vertebral level do the ovarian arteries branch off from the abdominal aorta?

A

L2

38
Q

How do the ovarian arteries supply the ovaries?

A

The artery passes within the suspensory ligament and supplies the ovaries via the broad ligament

39
Q

What does the ovarian artery freely anastomoses with?

A

Uterine artery

40
Q

Where does the left ovarian vein drain?

A

Left renal vein

41
Q

Where does the right ovarian vein drain?

A

Inferior vena cava

42
Q

What does the uterine artery cross?

A

Ureter at the level of the ischial spine
Junction of the cervix
Lateral part of the fornix of vagina

43
Q

What does the lymphatic drainage of the internal pelvic organs mainly follow?

A

Arterial supply and venous drainage

44
Q

Which group of lymph nodes drain the ovaries?

A

Para-aortic lymph nodes

45
Q

Which group of lymph nodes drain the fundus and upper uterine body?

A

Pre-aortic lymph nodes

46
Q

Which group of lymph nodes drain the most part of the uterine body?

A

External iliac lymph nodes

47
Q

Which group of lymph nodes drain the uterine cervix and upper vagina?

A

Internal iliac and sacral lymph nodes

48
Q

Which group of lymph nodes drain the lower vagina?

A

Peri-rectal nodes

49
Q

What are the breasts?

A

Highly modified exocrine glands

50
Q

Where do breasts lie?

A

On the superficial fascia of the pectoral region

51
Q

What do breasts form?

A

Important accessory organs of the female reproductive system

52
Q

How many lobes do each breast consist of?

A

15-25 lobes

53
Q

What do the lobes contain?

A

Tubulo-acinar glands (parenchyma )

Stroma (connective tissue)

54
Q

Where do breasts extend vertically?

A

2nd to the 6th rib

55
Q

Where do breasts extend horizontally?

A

Lateral boarder of the sternum to the midaxillary line

56
Q

Which muscles is the deep surface of the breast related to?

A

Pectoralis Major
Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior

57
Q

What is the axillary tail of the breast?

A

An extension of breast tissue into the axilla

58
Q

What is the vascular supply of the mammary gland?

A

Branches of the subclavian and axillary arteries

59
Q

Which branches of the subclavian and axillary arteries supply the mammary glands?

A

Lateral thoracic artery
Subclavian artery
Internal thoracic artery
Lateral mammary branches of posterior intercostal

60
Q

What do the venous branches of the mammary gland correspond to?

A

The arterial supply

61
Q

What are the names of the veins that drain the mammary gland?

A

Subclavian vein
Lateral thoracic vein
Internal thoracic vein
Lateral mammary branches of posterior intercostal vein

62
Q

What are the main groups of lymph nodes that drain the breast tissue?

A 
Anterior (pectoral/ external mammary) nodes
Central axillary nodes
Apical axillary nodes 
Lateral (brachial) nodes
Posterior (subscapular/scapular) ndoes
63
Q

Where do the anterior nodes receive drainage from?

A

Lateral aspect of the breast and abdominal wall

Drain into the central group

64
Q

Where do the apical axillary nodes drain?

A

Drainage from the upper extremity

Drains into the apical axillary

65
Q

Where do the lateral nodes drain?

A

They receive majority of drainage from the upper extremity and drain into the apical axillary group

66
Q

Where do the posterior nodes receive drainage from?

A

The posterior neck, shoulder and trunk

67
Q

Which group of lymph nodes receive lymph from the lateral part of the breast tissue?

A

Anterior (pectoral) group

68
Q

What type of changes does breast tissue undergo?

A

Cyclical changes in activity

Controlled by hormones involved in ovarian cycle

69
Q

What are 4 functions of the placenta?

A

Gas exchange
Hormone secretion
Foetal protection
Metabolic transfer

70
Q

At what stage of labour does the placenta physiologically separate from the uterine wall?

A

Third stage of labour

71
Q

What is the function of the umbilical arteries in the foetal circulation?

A

Carry deoxygenated, nutrient depleted blood from the foetus to the placenta

72
Q

What structure does the umbilical vein persist as?

A

Round ligament of the liver

73
Q

What is the function of the umbilical veins in the foetal circulation?

A

Oxygen rich blood returns to the foetus via the third vessel in the umbilical cord

Repro Anatomy (4 decks)

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