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Anatomy 701 > Pelvis and Perineum > Flashcards

Pelvis and Perineum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pelvis comprised of?

A

2 pelvic bones - right and left os coxae and the terminal vertebral column (sacrum and coccyx)

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2
Q

What is the perienum?

A

Inferior floor of pelvic cavity, contains external genitalia and external openings for UG and GI systems

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3
Q

What makes up the false pelvis?

A

ilium, lower lumbar vertebrae, part of abdomen, sigmoid colon, cecum

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4
Q

What makes up the true pelvis>

A

pubis ischium and sacrum, bounded by inlet and outlet, urinary and reproductive organs

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5
Q

What are the borders of the pelvis INlet?

A

-posterior - sacral promontory and ala
-lateral- arcuate line on inner surface of ilium, pectenial line on superior pubic rems
-anterior - pubic symphysis

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6
Q

What does the pelvic inlet contain?

A

colon, rectum, bladder and some of the reproductive organs

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7
Q

What are the borders of the pelvis OUTlet?

A

– posterior- tip of coccyx
– lateral- ischial tuberosities, inferior margin of the sacrotuberous ligament
– anterior- pubic arch

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8
Q

What does the pelvis OUTlet contain?

A

terminal parts of vagina, urinary and GI tracts

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9
Q

What are some differences in male and female pelvises?

A

male has higher iliac crest, heart shaped pelvic inlet and a smaller pubic arch angle (50-60 degreees)

women have a larger pubic arch angle, a shorter pelvis in general, and a more circular pelvic cavity

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10
Q

What structures exit the greater sciatic foramen?

A

piriformis
superior gluteal n
sciatic n
inferior gluteal n
pudendal n

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11
Q

What structures exit the lesser sciatic foramen?

A

obturator intenus muscle

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12
Q

What structures enter the lesser sciatic foramen?

A

pudendal n, a, v

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13
Q

The sacrospinous ligament attaches to the sacrum and what other structure?

A

Ischial spine

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14
Q

what is the action of the piriformis muscle?

A

lateral rotation of thigh and aBduct thigh at hip

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15
Q

what is the action of the Obturator Internus muscle?

A

lateral rotation of thigh at hip

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16
Q

what is the action of the coccygeus muscle?

A

form pelvic floor, support pelvic viscera, pull coccyx forward after defication

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17
Q

Which of the following make up the pelvic diaphragm?
Piriformis
Obturator internus
Obturator externus
Gluteal minimus
Coccygeus

A

Coccygeus

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18
Q

What makes up the levator ani muscle?

A

puborectalis m., pubococcygeus m., illiococcygeus m.

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19
Q

What makes up the pelvic diaphragm?

A

Levator ani and coccygeus muscle (ishiococcygeus)

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20
Q

What innervates the pelvic floor?

A

pudendal nerve (S2-S4)

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21
Q

What is the perineum?

A

diamond-shaped region inferior to pelvic diaphragm

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22
Q

What are the functions of the perineum?

A

contain and support pelvic viscera (bladder, rectum, anal canal, reproductive organs), anchor the roots of the external genitalia

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23
Q

Where is the perineal body?

A

Between the UG and anal triangles, center point of perineum

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24
Q

What are the UG diaphragm muscles?

A

Superficial perineal space
*Superficial transverse perineal
*Bulbospongiosus

Deep perineal space
*External urethral sphincter m.
*Deep transverse perineal mm.

External anal sphincter
Fibers of levator ani

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25
Q

What does the anal triangle contain?

A

anal aperture, external anal sphincter, ischio-anal fossae

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26
Q

What is the anal lined by?

A

simple columnar epithelium

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27
Q

Is internal anal sphincter voluntary or involuntary control?

A

involuntary

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28
Q

Is external anal sphincter voluntary or involuntary control?

A

volunary

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29
Q

What is a hemorrhoid?

A

dialated and inflamed venous plexuses within the anorectal canal

30
Q

External hemorrhoids are ___________ to the pectineal line

A

inferior

31
Q

Why are external hemorrhoids painful?

A

somatic sensory nerve innervation, detect pain

32
Q

Where are Internal hemorrhoids?

A

Superior to pectineal line

33
Q

Which type of hemorrhoids are usually not painful?

A

Internal, visceral sensory nerves lack pain receptors

34
Q

What is rectal prolapse?

A

When rectum drops out of normal place, pushes out of anal opening

35
Q

What is in the urogenital triangle?

A

Colle’s fascia and perineal membrane, forms floor of deep perineal pouch and roof of superficial perineal pouch

36
Q

What muscles are in the superficial perineal space/pouch?

A

ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus

37
Q

What erectile tissues and glands are in the superficial perineal pouch?

A

crus of clitoris (or penis), bulb or vestibule / clitoris (penis), greater vestibular gland (females only), perineal membrane

38
Q

What muscles are in the deep perineal pouch?

A

deep transverse perineal muscle, external urethral sphincter

39
Q

What erective tissues/glands are in the deep perineal pouch?

A

bulbourethral/ Cowper’s gland
neurovasculatur (pudendal nerve/ internal pudendal artery and vein branches)

40
Q

What is the significance of the deep perineal space clinically?

A

external urethral sphincter muscle important for urinary continence

41
Q

All of these are levator ani muscles EXCEPT
Piriformis
Puborectalis
Pubococcygeus
Iliococcygeus

A

Piriformis

42
Q

Which of these would be found within the superficial space?
Deep transverse perineal muscle
Greater vestibular glands
Bulbourethral glands
Sphincter urethrae muscle

A

Greater vestibular glands

43
Q

Name the nerves and roots in the sacral plexus

A

ventral rami of L4-S4
Superior gluteal (L4-S1)
Inferior gluteal (L5-S2)
Sciatic (L4-S3)
Posterior femoral cutaneous (S1-S3)
Nerves to obturator internus (L5-S2) and quadratus femoris (L4-S1)
Pudendal (S2-S4)

44
Q

What is the course of the pudendal nerve?

A

exit greater sciatic foramen, hooks around ischial spine and sacrospinous ligament, enter perineum via lesser sciatic foramen

45
Q

What is the motor innervation of the pudendal nerve?

A

external urethral sphincter, external anal sphincter, perineal muscles

46
Q

What is the cutaneous innervation of the pudendal nerve?

A

innervation to perineum and clitoris/penis

47
Q

What are the nerve roots of the pudendal nerve?

A

S2, S3, S4

48
Q

Where is the pudendal canal?

A

within the fascia of the obturator internus muscle

49
Q

What does the pudendal canal contain?

A

pudendal nerve, internal pudendal artery and vein

50
Q

Inferior rectal pudendal nerve branches:

A

Motor->external anal sphincter
Sensory->skin around anus

51
Q

Perineal pudendal nerve branches

A

motor- all superficial and deep space muscles
sensory- perineum

52
Q

Is dorsal nerve of penis/clitoris sensory or motor?

A

sensory

53
Q

anal wink causes what to contract?

A

external anal sphincter due to bulbocavernosus/bulbospongiosus reflex

54
Q

What nerve is blocked during childbirth?

A

Pudendal nerve

55
Q

What are landmarks to locate the pudendal nerve?

A

ischial spine and sacrospinous ligament

56
Q

What are the sympathetic pelvic nerves?

A

sacral splanchnics and hypogastric nerves

57
Q

What do the sympathetic pelvic nerves do?

A

vasoconstriction, contract internal urethral and anal sphincters, ejaculation

58
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the pelvis?

A

Pelvis splanchnics (S2-S4)

59
Q

What does the parasympathetic innervation of the pelvis do?

A

vasodilation, stimulate bladder contraction for urination, stimulate defecation, stimulate erection

60
Q

Which of these nerves would innervate the perineum?
Obturator
Inferior gluteal
Superior gluteal
Femoral
Pudendal

A

Pudendal

61
Q

Internal iliac artery divides into what anterior to the SI joint?

A

anterior and posterior trunks

62
Q

What does the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery do?

A

Supply pelvic viscera, perineum, gluteal region, adductor region

63
Q

What does the posterior trunk of the internal iliac artery do?

A

Supply posterior pelvic wall, lower posterior abdominal wall, gluteal region

64
Q

Which of these arise from the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery?
Inferior gluteal
Lateral sacral
Superior gluteal
Ovarian
Iliolumbar

A

Superior gluteal

65
Q

Where does the vaginal artery come from?

A

The vaginal artery is said to come from either the internal iliac artery or the uterine artery.

66
Q

What do the internal iliac arteries do?

A

Supply pelvic organs

67
Q

What do the internal pudendal arteries do?

A

Supply viscera located in the perineum

68
Q

Where is the superior gluteal artery in relation to the spinal column?

A

Between lumbosacral trunk and S1

69
Q

Where is the inferior gluteal artery in relation to the spinal column?

A

Between S1 and S2

70
Q

Is internal pudendal artery posterior or anterior to coccygeus

A

posterior

71
Q

What is the male equivalent to the vaginal artery?

A

Inferior vesicle artery

Anatomy 701 (8 decks)

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