Abdominal Contents Flashcards
What makes up the abdominal cavity?
Abdominal wall, diaphragm, pelvic inlet
What makes up the peritoneal cavity?
RED TEXT
Space Between parietal and visceral peritoneum
What makes up the retroperitoneal cavity?
Some digestive tract/urinary/cardiovascular/reproductive system
What wraps and fixes organs in the abdominal and pelvic cavity?
Serous membrane
What is the greater omentum?
Visceral peritoneum folding from stomach greater curvature
What is the lesser omentum?
Visceral peritoneum folding from stomach lesser curvature to liver
What is in the Greater Sac?
intraperitoneal organs
What is in the Lesser sac?
nothing, empty
recess bounded by greater and lesser omentum
What does the omental foramen connect?
Greater and Lesser sac (foramen of winslow)
What is the hepatoduodenal ligament?
Holds together the portal triads (hepatic artery proper, hepatic portal vein, common bile duct)
The digestive system excludes the _____
spleen
What is in the foregut?
Abdominal esophagus, stomach, liver,1/2 duodenum, pancreas, spleen
What is in the midgut
1/2 duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum/appendix, ascending colon, 2/3 proximal transverse colon
What is in the hind gut?
1/3 distal transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus
When does the foregut rotate? How much?
3rd month. 90 degrees.
What plane does the foregut rotate in?
TRANSVERSE PLANE
Which vagus nerve is posterior in the thorax due to rotation of foregut?
Right vagus
** Which plane does the formation of lesser and greater peritoneal sac occur in? **
Coronal plane
What happens to the spleen during rotation of foregut?
Wrapped into the visceral membrane
Where does the esophagus cross the diaphragm and at which level of the vertebral column?
T10
How many degrees does the midgut rotate?
270
** What happens if the rotation of the midgut occurs after just 180 degrees? **
appendix under liver, pain still around McBurney’s point.
Disarranged alignment, splanchnic nerves mixed.
Intraperitoneal organs are in the visceral peritoneum. What kind of movement does this allow?
Free movement
Retroperitoneal organs are outside of parietal peritoneum. What kind of movement does this allow?
None, fixed to abdominal wall
What organs are intraperitoneal?
esophagus, stomach, jejunum, ileum, caecum, appendix, transverse and the sigmoid colon, part of the liver and spleen.
What organs are retroperitoneal?
Duodenum, pancreas, kidneys, ascending and descending colon, rectum, and anus
Primary retroperitoneal organs originate where?
Outside of parietal peritoneum. Mesoderm.
Which organs are primary retroperitoneal?
Distal rectum
Kidneys, ureters
Adrenal glands
Great vessles: IVC, AA
Testes/ovary before descending to scrotum/pelvis
Where do secondary retroperitoneal organs originate?
spinned out of peritoneum, endoderm
Which organs are secondary retroperitoneal?
¾ duodenum
Pancreas (tail in hilum of spleen)
Ascending colon
Descending colon
** Why is the spleen special? **
Spleen: primary retroperitoneal organ “spinned” into visceral peritoneum
Where is the short gastric artery?
Fundus of stomach, supplies foregut
Anterior vagal plexus on the stomach is derived from right or left vagus nerve and WHY?
Left, right is posterior in thorax due to rotation of foregut
** What sphincters are part of the abdominal esophagus?**
** Gastroesophageal sphincter/ lower esophageal sphincter
internal sphincter
external sphincter
** Malfunction of which sphincter results in GERD? **
Squamocolumnar junction
What supplies blood to the lesser curvature of the stomach?
Right gastric artery from hepatic artery proper
Left gastric artery from celiac trunk
What supplies blood to the greater curvature of the stomach?
Right gastro-omental/epiploic artery from gastroduodenal artery (common hepatic artery)
Left gastro-omental/epiploic artery from splenic artery
** What supplies blood to the fundus of the stomach? **
Short gastric artery from splenic artery, trabecular branches
What can anemia result from?
Being vegetarian, not getting enough B12
Where are the first and second parts of the duodenum?
Foregut
Where are the 3rd and 4th parts of the duodenum?
Midgut
List out one intraperitoneal organ of fore-, mid- and hindgut separately.
foregut - esophagus
midgut - ilium
hindgut - sigmoid colon
What are the anterior lobes of the liver?
Right and left lobes connected by falciform ligament
What are the posterior lobes of the liver?
Caudate and Quadrate lobes (Medial to IVA and gallbladder)
Whats the difference between hepatic and portal veins?
Hepatic veins drain to inferior vena cava
portal veins are nutrient enriched and deoxygenated
What is the pulmonary artery for regarding pulmonary circulation?
gas exchange
What is the bronchial artery for regarding pulmonary circulation?
Nutrients and oxygen for lung functions
** All endocrine glands have extraordinarily abundant blood supply. True or False?**
True
What does the pancreas do?
Endocrine: insulin and glucagon
Exocrine: digestive enzymes
** Which organ is Kehr’s sign related to? **
Capsule of the Spleen
thin and easy lacerated, bleeding, referral pain on the left shoulder
Why is the splenic artery from the celiac trunk tortuous?
Trabecular artery gives out multiple short gastric arteries
A patient suffers from chronic peptic ulcer. Deficiency of which vitamin absorption will cause severe medical problems? How can this happen?
Vitamin B12, not eating enough animal products
What arteries supply the midgut?
superior mesenteric artery
*Middle colic artery
*Right colic artery
Jejunal arteries
Ileal arteries
*Ileocolic artery
- Marginal artery
What arteries supply the hindgut?
inferior mesenteric artery
*Left colic artery
*Sigmoid arteries
- Marginal artery
*Superior rectal artery
What are the 4 types of mesenteries?
- Mesentery proper: superior mesenteric artery branches for jejunum, ileum
- Transverse mesocolon: middle colic artery – transverse colon
- Sigmoid mesocolon: sigmoid and superior rectal arteries – sigmoid colon
- Mesoappendix: appendicular artery - appendix
What is the difference between the jejunum and ileum?
Less layer of arcades and longer vasa recta in jejunum
Less circular folds in ileum compared to jejunum: jejunum mainly absorbs nutrients
Which parts of the colon are fixed to the abdominal wall?
Ascending and descending colon, all other parts intraperitoneal
The cystic artery is a branch of which artery?
right hepatic artery in celiac trunk from hepatic proper
all digestive tract veins drain to what?
The hepatic portal vein
What are the functions of the hepatic portal system?
Storage of nutrients to the liver
detoxication
Malfunction of which organ blocks portal vein drainage?
Liver
Gastric / splenic vein back flow to esophageal veins causes what?
Esophageal varices
Rectal veins to internal iliac veins backflow causes what?
Internal hemorrhoids
Paraumbilical vein back flow causes what?
Caput medusae
What is the function of the kidneys?
- Waste excretion out of blood: urine production
- Electrolyte and water balance
- Regulate blood pressure: renin-angiotensin system
- Hematopoiesis: cytokine erythropoietin (EPO)
Which kidney is lower than the other?
Right lower than the left due to the liver
*** What is an AAA?
abdonimal aortic aneurism - increasing risk inferior to renal artery
When does “nutcracker syndrome” occur?
When the left renal vein is impinged between the superior mesenteric artery and the anterior aorta - causes blood in urine and a swollen scrotum
What is the medulla of the adrenal glands?
sympathetic ganglion - neurons release epinephrine and norepinephrine
Where is the abdominal hiatus for the abdominal aorta?
T12 - median arcuate ligament
Where is the gonadal artery?
Primarily retroperitoneal and descends to pelvis/scrotum
What percentage of the thoracic duct drains to the left subclavian vein?
75%
What innervates the foregut?
- Sympathetic innervation: greater splanchnic nerve (T5~T9)
- Parasympathetic innervation: vagus nerve (cranial nerve 10)
What innervates the midgut?
- Sympathetic innervation: inconclusive due to the rotations
- Parasympathetic innervation: vagus nerve (cranial nerve 10) to 2/3 transverse colon
What innervates the hindgut?
- Sympathetic innervation: lumbar splanchnic nerve (L1~L2)
- Parasympathetic innervation: pelvic splanchnic nerve (S2~S4)
A patient has been diagnosed AAA (abdominal aorta aneurysm). Where to palpate the pulse for the diagnoses?
idk
What is the visceral innervation of the phrenic nerve?
Phrenic nerve: mediastinal pleura/fibrous pericardial capsule/gallbladder/ruptured spleen
What is a plexus of enteric neurons that outnumbers the spinal cord?
Autonomous nervous system
