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BCSCSAP Review > Peds & Strabismus > Flashcards

Peds & Strabismus Flashcards

1
Q

Corneal light reflex tests should be used to evaluate binocular alignment for what patients?

A

Patients with poor vision in one or both eyes (can’t fixate). Unable to cooperate to allow cover testing or poor vision with poor fixation.

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2
Q

Hirschberg method

A

Corneal light reflex based on premise - 1 mm of decentration corresponds to 7 degrees or 15 diopters of ocular deviation of the visual axis.

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3
Q

Krimsky method

A

corneal light reflex test - reflections produced on both corneas by penlight at near fixation

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4
Q

Bruckner

A

direct ophthalmoscope to obtain red reflex simultaneously in both eyes

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5
Q

Major amblyoscope method

A

corneal light reflex test uses separate target illumination which can be moved to center the cornea light reflection, deviation read off of scale

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6
Q

In what cardinal position is the left superior oblique muscle the prime mover

A

down to the right

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7
Q

Cardinal positions

A

prime mover is 1 muscle of each eye, together called yoke muscles. 6 cardinal positions

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8
Q

9 diagnostic positions of gaze

A

6 cardinal positions plus straight up and down and primary

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9
Q

Draw the 6 cardinal positions of gaze and the prime movers

A

2 o’clock: LSR, RIO 3 o’clock: LLR, RMR 5 o’clock: LIR, RSO 7 o’clock: RIR, LSO 9 o’clock: RLR, LMR 11 o’clock: RSR, LIO

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10
Q

Syndromes a/w ocular-cutaneous albinism

A

Chediak-Higashi syndrome Hermansky-Pudlak

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11
Q

AR disorder with mutation in lysosomal trafficking regulator protein that renders inadequate phagocytosis, pyogenic infections involving respiratory and cutaneous sx. Rarely survive past 10 years

A

Chediak-Higashi

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12
Q

AR disorder characterized by ocular-cutaneous albinism, bleeding problems from platelet abnormality

A

Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome

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13
Q

Iris transillumination defects, fundus hypopigmentation, decreased melanin distribution in the RPE and choroidal tissue

A

Ocular albinism

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14
Q

Infant aphakia treatment study group finidng

A

IOL implantation in infants age 1 to 6 months is a/w higher rates of adverse events requiring furter surgery and no better grating acuity at 1 year

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15
Q

Greatest risk for isoametropic amblyopia

A

Astigmatism

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16
Q

Features of brain scan and CSF in child with IIH

A

NORMAL sized or SMALL ventricles Normal CSF

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17
Q

risk factors for IIH

A

viral infections, drug use (tetracycline, corticosteroids, vitamin A, nalidixic acid, thyroid medications, GH), central venous sinus thrombosis

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18
Q

Feature characteristic of congenital ptosis

A

decreased levator function poorly formed eye crease Results from dystrophic development of levator withotu innervational abnormalities

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19
Q

Length of lid tissues and levator in congenital ptosis

A

Not longer than normal

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20
Q

M/c blockage location in congenital NLDO

A

valve of hasner

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21
Q

What genetic disorder is congenital iris ectropion most commonly seen in

A

NF1 Also seen in prader-willi syndrome or facial hemihypertrophy

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22
Q

Corneal crystals

A

cystinosis

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23
Q

Eye movement abnormality can occur in healthy infants in first months of life

A

intermittent esotropia

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24
Q

Epiblepharon

A

congenital anomaly with horizontal fold of skin adjacent to lower eyelid, causing inward rotation of lashes against cornea (occurs in chubby cheek and asians)

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25
Q

Eversion of eyelid margin secondary to vertical deficiency of skin

A

congenital ectropion

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26
Q

enlargement of lateral aspect of palpebral fissure with downward displacement of temporal half of lower eyelid

A

Euryblepharon

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27
Q

Age at which infant maintains fixation and reacts with facial expressions

A

6-8 weeks

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28
Q

Age interested in bright objects

A

2-3 months

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29
Q

Age at which nasal bias for smooth pursuit should have resolved, eyes orthotropic and fix-and-follow response to small (2-4 inches in diameter) toy

A

3-4 months

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30
Q

Patient with sporadic aniridia must be evaluated for..

A

Wilms tumor with renal ultrasonography which must be repeated until molecular genetic analysis r/o 11p13 deletion and confirms an intragenic PAX6 mutation

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31
Q

Method recommended for assessing the refractive state in amblyopia

A

Cycloplegic retinoscopy

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32
Q

Congenital eyelid malformation that would require early repair

A

eyelid coloboma (eyelid cleft, eyelid notch) - risk of exposure keratopathy

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33
Q

Preferred surgical procedure to treat upshoots and downshoots in Duane syndrome

A

Y-splitting of lateral rectus muscle

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34
Q

Treatment for vision-threatening periocular hemangiomas

A

oral propranolol

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35
Q

Laboratory test that should be ordered for patient with enlarging infantile capillary hemangioma and Kasabach-Merritt syndrome

A

platelet count - sequestration of platelets within large vascular lesion such as hemangioma leading to thrombocytopenia

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36
Q

What is isoametropic amblyopia (b/l ametropic amblyopia)

A

bilateral decreased VA due to large approximately equal uncorrected refractive errors in the 2 eyes of child

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37
Q

Type of hyperopia and myopia that carry risk of inducing isoametropic amblyopia

A

Hyperopia exceeding 4.00 D-5.00D and myopia exceeding 5.00-6.00D

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38
Q

Type of amblyopia induced by capillary hemangioma

A

Anisometropic amblyopia - induces astigmatic refractive error (8 diopters of astigmatism)

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39
Q

What is anisometropic amblyopia?

A

Dissimlar refractive error in 2 eyes

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40
Q

Epiblepharon

A

condition in which the eyelid pretarsal muscle and skin ride above the eyelid margin to form a horizontal fold of tissue that causes the cilia to assume a vertical position

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41
Q

A pattern exotropia frequently a/w…

A

Superior oblique overation

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42
Q

V pattern exotropia frequently a/w…

A

Inferior oblique muscle overaction

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43
Q

When is A pattern considered clinically significant

A

difference between upgaze and downgaze is at least 10 PD

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44
Q

When is V pattern considered clinically significant

A

at least 15 prism diopters

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45
Q

Surgery that would most benefit an 18-month old child with V-pattern infantile esotropia and bilateral DVD

A

bilateral MR recessions and bilateral IO recessions

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46
Q

IO recession will address

A

V pattern and DVD

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47
Q

Leading cause of blindness in the word

A

cataract 48% of cases, glaucoma 12%

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48
Q

M/c strabismus in FAS

A

esotropia

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49
Q

FAS features

A

craniofacial - short palpebral fissures, telecanthus, strabismus (esotropia), ptosis, ON hypoplasia, tortuosity of retinal vessels

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50
Q

Most likely cause of chin up posture

A

V-pattern exotropia

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51
Q

Most likely cause of chin down posture

A

A-pattern exotropia

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52
Q

Occur in up to 1/4 of all horizontal strabismus cases

A

A-pattern or V-pattern strabismus

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53
Q

M/c mode of inheritance of NF1

A

AD (however 50% of patients have (-) FHx)

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54
Q

Following surgery for congenital cataract, what finding predisposes a child to glaucoma

A

Small corneal diameter (microcornea) or persistent fetal vasculature

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55
Q

M/c ocular finding in neonate with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS)?

A

Unilateral or bilateral pigmentary retinopathy (25%-50%) “salt-and-pepper” Cataract (15%) Glaucoma (10%)

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56
Q

5 yo F with 1-month h/o intermittent nasal discharge, tearing, itchy eyes, conjunctiival injection. Initial therapy?

A

Oral antihistamines - useful if nasal congestion less effective for ocular sx but better tolerated in children

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57
Q

Inheritance pattern for most patients with primary congenital glaucoma?

A

SPORADIC (rarely AR)

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58
Q

Finding of a DVD is a/w?

A

congenital strabismus

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59
Q

Pattern of strabismus a/w aberrant innervation of LR muscles in upgaze?

A

Y pattern (pseudo-overaction of inferior obliques)

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60
Q

Patient with A-pattern exotropia will adopt this head posture.

A

Chin down

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61
Q

For a paretic or restricted eye in fixation, what term describes the deviation of alignment?

A

SECONDARY - deviation measured when the paretic or restricted eye is fixating

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62
Q

What is the primary deviation?

A

deviation measured when the nonparetic eye is fixating.

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63
Q

What is a consecutive devation?

A

Strabismus that is in the direction opposite to one that the patient had originally.

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64
Q

Most common intraocular finding in NF1?

A

iris melanocytic nodules (Lisch nodules)

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65
Q

Diffuse choroidal hemangiomas found in this phacomatoses?

A

Sturge-Weber syndrome

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66
Q

Capillary hemangioblastomas of the retina or optic disc

A

von Hippel-Lindau syndrome

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67
Q

Preoperative test that is most helpful in assessing opportunity for single binocular vision after strabismus?

A

Amblyoscope - tests for retinal correspondence

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68
Q

Exodeviation that orthoptic exercises are most appropriate initial therapy for?

A

Convergence insufficiency

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69
Q

Draw Cardinal positions

A
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70
Q
A

CRS (25%-50%) variation from finely stippled, bone spicule-like, small, black, irregular masses to gross pigmentary irregularities with coarse, blotchy mottling. Stationary or progressive.

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71
Q
A

Epiblepharon

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72
Q
A

Capillary hemangioma - risk for anisometropic amblyopia

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73
Q
A

Ligneous conjunctivitis

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74
Q
A

V-pattern exotropia

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75
Q
A

Neurofibromas in NF1 m/c finding in eye would be iris melanocytic nodules (Lisch nodules)

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76
Q

Large-angle constant exodeviation before age 6 months

A

Infantile exotropia (XT)

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77
Q

Risks a/w infantile XT

A

neurologic impairment or developmental delay

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78
Q

Another name for Tuberous sclerosis complex

A

Bourneville-Pringle disease

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79
Q

Retinal astrocytic hamartomas are seen in this disease with what frequency?

A

Tuberous sclerosis (Boruneville-Pringle) in 40% of patients

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80
Q

Retinal lesions more common in patients with this tuberous sclerosis mutation?

A

TSC2 (16p13.3)

81
Q

Vogt triad

A

Seen in tuberous slerosis:

(1) facial sebaceous adenomas (angiofibromas)
(2) mental deficiency
(3) Seizures

82
Q

What additional eye motility abnormality do patients with infantile strabismus commonly have?

A

dissociated vertical deviation (DVD)

83
Q

Asymmetric smooth pursuit, which is better in the temporal-to-nasal direction

A

infantile esotropia

84
Q

Cause for exotropic duane syndrome

A

abnormal development of the abducens nerve/nucleus resulting in anomalous innervation of the lateral rectus muscle by aberrant branches of oculomotor nuclei.

Globe retraction and palpebral fissure narrowing are caused by simultaneous activation of horizontal recti

85
Q

Type II Duane syndrome

A

Exotropic (less common)

86
Q

Type I Duane syndrome

A

Esotropic (more common)

87
Q

Surgical treatment for Duane syndrome

A

lateral rectus muscle recession in one or both eyes

88
Q

Constant tearing with copious mucus discharge in neonate

A

nasolacrimal duct obstruction

89
Q

Constant tearing with minimal mucopurulence in neonate

A

punctal or canalicular agenesis

90
Q

Intermittent tearing with mucus discharge in neonate

A

intermittent obstruction of NLD, most likely 2/2 swollen inferior turbinate mucosa a/w upper respiratory tract infection or allergy

91
Q

Indications for strabismus surgery

A

Improving functional vision by

decreasing diplopia

relieving asthenopia

improving ocular alignement

establishing or restoring stereopsis

expanding binocular visual fields

shifting bision to central location (reduce head turn)

92
Q

This procedure shifts the null point to the primary position

A

Kestenbaum-Anderson procedure

93
Q

What ophthalmic disorder is moyamoya disease associated with?

A

morning-glory disc anomaly

94
Q

Morning-glory disc anomaly

A

(1) Basal encephalocele in patients with midface anomalies
(2) PHACE syndrome (Posterior fossa malformations, hemangiomas, arterial lesions, cardiac and eye anomalies)
(3) Carotid circulation (moyamoya)

95
Q

For patient with DVD, what motility anomaly accompanies the upward movement?

A

Extorsion and exodeviation of the globe

96
Q

Procedure effective in simultaneously treating dissociated vertical deviation and inferior oblique overaction?

A

Inferior oblique anteriorization

97
Q

What is a DVD?

A

Dissociated vertical devation - an innervational disorder in which either eye slowly drifts upward and outward with extortion when the eye is occluded or there is visual inattention.

98
Q

When does a DVD develop?

A

Typically by age 2 years commonly in infantile strabismus, typically with esotropia or exotropia (50%)

99
Q

What type of misalignment is an alternating acquired esotropia?

A

Comitant deviation (deviation does not vary in different gazes)

100
Q

What is the most frequent cause of childhood visual impairment in developed countries?

A

retrogeniculate visual impairment (cerebral visual impairment CVI) - visual deficits related to pathology posterior to the lateral geniculate nucleus.

101
Q

Frequently found additional ophthalmic finding in pseudopapilledema that supports this diagnosis?

A

Hyperopia - optic discs with small cup-disc ratios can resemble papilledema are commonly seen in hyperopic eyes.

102
Q

What is the most severe ocular complication of Stevens-Johnson syndrome?

A

Corneal ulcer

103
Q

For a child with optic nerve hypoplasia, what visual acuity would be consistent with the diagnosis?

A

20/20 to NLP correlating well to integrity of macular fibers.

104
Q

What congenital lens abnormality is typically associated with a marked abnormal and disorganzied eye?

A

congenital aphakia

105
Q

rare autosomal condition in which there is bilateral displacmeent of the pupil, usually inferotemporally, and dislocation of the lens in the opposite direction

A

ectopia lentis et pupillae

106
Q

lens that is smaller, round, and bilateral

A

spherophakia

107
Q

Positive angle kappa in this disorder

A

pseudoexotropia

108
Q

Clinical features of infantile esotropia?

A

(1) Deviation greater than 30 PD
(2) Overelevation in adduction
(3) DVD
(4) Low hyperopia (1.00 - 2.00 diopters)

109
Q

What congenital ocular disorder is most ommonly associated with paradoxical pupillary reaction?

A

Inherited retinal dystrophies

110
Q

Where is the origin of the superior oblique?

A

Orbital apex above the annulus of zine

111
Q

origin of inferior oblique

A

orbital rim

112
Q

Beneficial effect on VF can occur as a result of strabismus surgery?

A

Expansion of binocular visual field following surgery for esotropia

113
Q

DFE findings with coats disease

A

yellow subretinal and intraretinal exudates associated with retinal vascular abnormalites–often telangiectasia, tortuosity, aneurysmal dilations, and avascularity–with variable clinical presentation from mild changes to total RD

114
Q

Preferred surgical treatment to treat exodeviation from sensory exotropia caused by macular scar in right eye

A

lateral rectus recession and medial rectus resection in the right eye

115
Q

What is the most common serious ocular complication in Sturge weber syndrome?

A

Glaucoma - occurs in 70% of SWS patients

116
Q

“Hard” stop at end of horizonatl passage during probing of lacrimal system is characteristic of what condition?

A

successful probing to the nasal bone of lacrimal sac

117
Q

In what genetic disorder is pupillary block glaucoma most likely to occur?

A

Weill-Marchesani syndrome - a/w microspherophakia - dislocate into AC

118
Q

Type of uveitis most common in children

A

anterior uveitis - m/c idiopathic, related to trauma, or a/w juvenile idiopathic arthritis

119
Q

Micropthalmos, iris and ciliary body colobomas, retinal dysplaisa, cartilage within the ciliary body coloboma

A

trisomy 13 (Patau)

120
Q

Conditions with intraocular cartilage

A

Ciliary body colobomas in trisomy 13

medulloepitheliomas

persistent fetal vasculature (persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, PHPV)

121
Q

Synophthalmia

A

fusion of 2 optic vesicles and evelutally globes (seen in trisomy 13)

122
Q

Non-ocular bnormalities in trisomy 13

A

microcephaly

holoprosencephaly (failure of forebrain to divide into 2 hemispheres)

single orbit

nasal proboscis

digital defects

urogenital defects

cardiac defects

123
Q

Optic nerve finding in periventricular leukomalacia

A

optic nerve cupping

124
Q

M/c cause of glaucoma-like optic nerve cupping in preterm infants

A

Periventricular leukomalacia (prominent cause of cerebral (retrogeniculate) visual impairment

125
Q

Funnel-shaped excavation of the posterior fundus involving the optic disc

A

morning glory anomaly - PHACE syndrome (posterior fossa malformations, hemangiomas, arterial lesions, cardiac and eye anomalies)

126
Q

CHARGE syndrome

A

Coloboma

Heart defects

choanal Atresia

mental Retardation

Genitourinary abnormalities

Ear abnormalities

127
Q

if no Fhx of primary congenital glaucoma, what is chance that parent with PCG will have child with PCG?

A

2% - usually sporadically but occasional AR

128
Q

Four chromosomal loci and genes for primary congenital glaucoma

A

GLC3A, GLC3B, GLC3C, GLC3D

LTBP2 and CYP1B1

129
Q

M/c exodeviation

A

intermittent exotropia

130
Q

Type of amblyopia most likely to respond to treatment in teenager without prior therapy

A

anisometropic amblyopia

131
Q

What material are the extraocular muscle pulleys primarily composed of?

A

elastin

also smooth muscle and collagen

132
Q

Oral medication for treatment for infant with ophthalmia neonatorum secondary to chlamydia trachomatis infection

A

oral erythromycin

133
Q

Procedure most often recommended to correct oculomotor deviation in primary position and reduce or eliminate face turn in esotropic duane syndrome?

A

Recession of medial rectus muscle on the involved/inturning side

134
Q

Name 3 congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders

A

Duane syndrome

Mobius syndrome

congenital fibrosis syndrome

135
Q

18 mo old boy who underwent bilateral NLD probing 6 months ago p/w recurrent epiphora and mucopurulent discharge from each eye. Next step?

A

nasolacrimal duct probing

136
Q

Extraocular muscle disorder that pseudoptosis be associated with

A

hypotropia

137
Q

Treatment for cyclic esotropia

A

Surgery for maximum angle of esotropia

138
Q

Curvilinear tears in descemet membrane

A

primary congenital glaucoma - Haab striae are seen because of rapid stretching of the cornea

139
Q

linear tears in descemet membrane

A

forceps injury

140
Q

Indications for treatment for toxoplasma gondii chorioretinitis

A

immunocompromsied patient

dense vitreous opacity

large lesions greater than 1 DD

multiple lesions

decreased VA

frequent recurrences or retinitis theratening the ON or macula

141
Q

Antimicrobial regimen for toxoplasma gondii chorioretinitis

A

combination of sulfonamide such as sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin and azithromycin alone or in combination

142
Q

Inheritance pattern for ectopia lentis et pupillae

A

autosomal recessive pattern

143
Q

Vergences

A

movements of the eyes in opposite directions

144
Q

What is the most commonform of intermittent exotropia?

A

Pseudodivergence excess exotropia - larger deviation at distance than at near. With monocular occlusion or with +3.00 lenses at near, the deviation becomes minimal.

145
Q

Preferred treatment for allergic conjunctivitis in a child after oral antihistamines?

A

Topical H1-receptor blocker or mast cell stabilizing drop

146
Q

Clinical features of brown syndrome

A

(1) Deficient elevation in adduction (with widening of palpebral fissure and downshoot of involved eye)
(2) improved elevation in abduction
(3) V pattern

147
Q

Most significant risk factor for developing ROP

A

gestational age and birth weight

148
Q

What anatomical feature of the inferior oblique muscle differs from that of the other extraocular muscles?

A

Its origin is on the medial side of the orbit

149
Q

primary action of the inferior oblique

A

extorsion

150
Q

Tx for congenital CMV infection

A

intravenous ganciclovir

151
Q

intraventricular calcifications, microcephaly, fever, jaundice, hearing loss, retinitis (retinal whitening, edema, perivascular sheathing, intraretinal hemorrhages), optic nerve abnormalities, microphthalmos, cataract, uveitis

A

Congenital cytomegalovirus infection

152
Q

M/c cause of visual impairment in children with abusive head trauma?

A

cortical or cerebral injury

153
Q

“ragged-red” fibers

A

Mitochondrial myopathy

154
Q

Visual acuity at 3 months

A

20/120 range

155
Q

Demographic and epidemiologic characteristics of pediatric uveitis

A

Pediatric uveitis accounts for 2%-14%

Slight female preponderance

Mostly bilateral

Age 8-9 at diagnosis

no FHx (not inherited)

156
Q

M/c cause of pseudopapilledema in children

A

optic disc drusen

157
Q

Clinical finding suggests a bilateral rather than unilateral SO muscle palsy?

A

large V pattern

158
Q

Most appropriate initial therapy for high accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) esotropia?

A

bifocal spectacles - reduce need for accommodation at near and allow potential development of fusion and stereopsis

159
Q

Classic clinical triad of primary congenital glaucoma

A

Epiphora

photophobia

blepharospasm

160
Q

Corneal diameter that is suggestive of glaucoma in a newborn

A

> 11.5 mm

161
Q

Corneal diameter that is suggestive of glaucoma in a 1 year old

A

> 12.5 mm

162
Q

Corneal diameter that is suggestive of glaucoma in any child

A

> 13.0 mm

163
Q

Primary purpose of the 4-diopter base-out prism test?

A

Used to document a facultative scotoma in a patient with no manifest deviation

Documents the presence of a small macular scotoma in a patient with monofixation syndrome and either a microstrabismus or no manifest deviation

164
Q

An object that is projected onto a noncorresponding retinal point is seen singly. What is this called?

A

Panum’s area -

165
Q

What muscles are supplied by the medial muscular branch of the ophthalmic artery?

A

Inferior rectus

Medial rectus

Inferior oblique

166
Q

What muscles are supplied by the lateral muscular branch of the ophthalmic artery?

A

Lateral rectus

superior rectus

superior oblique

levator palpebrae superioris

167
Q

Clinical finding that can distinguish orbital cellulitis from preseptal cellulitis

A

chemosis

168
Q

Mechanism of action of botulinum toxin

A

prevents release of acetylcholine from presynaptic motoneurons

169
Q

mode of inheritance of incontinentia pigmenti

A

X-linked dominant - presumed lethal effect on hemizygous male fetus

170
Q

What is the principal reason that patients with oculocutaneous and ocular albinism have decreased vision?

A

foveal hypoplasia

171
Q

retrobulbar anesthesia results in this position of eye

A

incyclotorsion and depression of eye (III and VI anesthetized - abduction, supraduction, excyclotorsion wound not occur) trochlear nerve lies outside annulus of zinn and results in intact incyclotorsion and infraduction

172
Q

When distinguishing congenital motor nystagmus (infantile nystagmus syndrome) from acquired nystagmus, what clinical finding is most useful?

A

Abnormal head position - patients with congenital motor nystagmus (CMN; infantile nystagmus syndrome) often adopt an abnormal head position to take advantage of the better vision that is possible at a null point

173
Q

Earliest sign of anterior segment ischemia following strabismus surgery

A

Anterior chamber cell and flare

More severe -> corneal epithelial edema, descemet membrane folds, irregular pupil, anterior segment necrosis and phthisis bulbi can occur

174
Q

Best way to measure ocular misalignment that does not rely on sensory or motor response from patient

A

Krimsky test

175
Q
A

Haab striae

176
Q
A

A pattern - SO overaction

177
Q
A

V pattern

178
Q
A

V pattern (would addopt chin up position)

179
Q
A

periungual fibroma, facial sebaceous adenomas (angiofibromas) cafe-au-lait spot, cortical tubers

180
Q
A

Astrocytic hamartoma in TSS

181
Q
A

esotropic (Type I) Duane syndrome

182
Q
A

NLDO

183
Q
A

Optic nerve hypoplasia

184
Q
A

Coats disease - yellow subretinal and intraretinal exudates

185
Q
A

esotropic duane syndrome tx is recession of MR of left eye

186
Q
A

toxoplasma gondii chorioretinitis

187
Q
A

Ectropia lentis et pupillae

188
Q
A

Brown syndrome

189
Q
A

Lisch nodules - hamartomas

190
Q
A

posterior embryotoxon

191
Q
A

forceps trauma - vertical oblique breaks

192
Q
A

ragged red fibers

193
Q
A

R SO palsy

194
Q
A

Haab striae

195
Q
A

Hyperacute conjunctivitis

196
Q
A
197
Q
A

molluscum contagiosum

198
Q
A

Coats disease

extensive subretinal fibrosis with areas of exudation throughout the macula and hemorrhage with light bulb aneurysms temporally. There is a fibrous nodule with surrounding subretinal fluid in the inferior macula and additional fluid temporal to the macula.

199
Q

FA prediction of this fundus

A

extensive capillary dropout, light bulb aneurysms, and dilated telangiectatic vessels.

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