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Pathopharm > Peds Final > Flashcards

Peds Final Flashcards

1
Q

RBC, Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide through hemoglobin (Hgb)

A

erythrocytes

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2
Q

WBC, Infection control and immunological reactions, Granulocytes and agranulocytes

A

leukocytes

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3
Q

platelets, blood clotting

A

thrombocytes

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4
Q

liquid portion, other coag. factors

A

plasma

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5
Q

fetal __ to __ months of life

A

4 to 6

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6
Q

hematological assessment

A

complete blood count analysis, assess for tachypnea, tachycardia, hypoxia, differential of blood count, coag studies and clotting times

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7
Q

Administer oxygen if _______ or _______ _______ low

A

Hgb or oxygen saturation

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8
Q

_____ increases metabolic and oxygen demands

A

Cold

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9
Q

under functioning immunity

A

Immunodeficiency

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10
Q

overfunctioning immunity
(hypersensitivity reactions)

A

Autoimmune disorder

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11
Q

nonspecific immune functions

A

inflammation and phagocytosis

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12
Q

specific immune functions

A

humoral and cell-mediated

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13
Q

_________ immunity involves B cells, which recognize specific antigens and secrete antibodies.

A

humoral

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14
Q

________ immunity involves T cells, which attack the antigens marked by the B cells.

A

cellular

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15
Q

The infant’s ________ organs are large at birth, in
proportion to the rest of the body.

A

lymphoid

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16
Q

The ______ shrinks in size at puberty.

A

thymus

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17
Q

Peyer’s patches increase in number until they peak between the ages of __ and __, then they decline.

A

15 and 25

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18
Q

_______ is smaller at birth and does not reach full size until adulthood.

A

Spleen

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19
Q

Children’s abdomens have less ___ to protect
immune organs; they are at higher risk for splenic rupture.

A

fat

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20
Q

Children have decreased amounts of
_________, so their immune system is less effective.

A

immunoglobulins

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21
Q

t/f: children have higher risk for sepsis

A

true

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22
Q

Which of the following immunoglobulins provide
primary protection against bacteria, viruses, and
fungi?
A. IgA
B. IgD
C. IgE
D. IgG

A

D IgG

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23
Q

Defects in development of immune system
components, repeated and persistent infections, opportunistic infections, and frequent skin lesions, rash/skin condition is one of first signs, May cure with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

A

primary immunodeficiency disorders

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24
Q

X-linked recessive disorder and a form of congenital thrombocytopenia

A

wiskott-aldrich syndrome

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25
Q

Thrombocytopenia and small platelets, Eczema, Immunodeficiency involving selective functions
of B and T lymphocytes

A

wiskott-aldrich syndrome

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26
Q

treatment for wiskott-aldrich syndrome

A

stem cell transplant is only cure, IV immune globulin, splenectomy to correct thrombocytopenia, infection prevention methods

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27
Q

Which of the following is not a manifestation of
Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome?
A. Jaundice
B. Eczema
C. Recurrent infections
D. Increased bleeding

A

A. jaundice

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28
Q

Absent T-cell and B-cell function presented within first 6 months of life, potentially fatal and requires emergency treatment with stem cell transplant at time of diagnosis

A

severe combined immune deficiency (SCID)

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29
Q

SCID types of infections

A

bacterial, viral, fungal

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30
Q

treatment before stem cell transplant for SCID

A

long-term Abx therapy and IVIG

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31
Q

for SCID, only use _______ -________ blood in transufsions

A

cytomegalovirus- negative

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32
Q

Group of B-cell disorders in which immunoglobulins are inadequate or absent, could occur in infancy

A

Hypogammaglobulinemia

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33
Q

Symptoms begin around 3 months of age when maternal antibodies disappear.

A

hypogammaglobulinemia

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34
Q

Secondary immunodeficiency (acquired), types 1 and 2

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

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35
Q

-Acquired vertically (transmission from mother) or horizontally (transmission from unprotected sex and nonsterile needles).
-Infants often have vertical transmission and adolescents have horizontal transmission.

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

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36
Q

HIV-1 is presented ________

A

worldwide

37
Q

HIV-2 is primarily _______ ______ only

A

West- Africa

38
Q

manifestations of HIV

A

chronic diarrhea, failure to thrive, delayed development, and frequent infections

39
Q

HIV treatment from HIV positive mothers

A

prevent prenatal transmission by avoiding breastfeeding, contact with fluids during delivery, clean right after delivery

40
Q

HIV treatments include:

A

Nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase
inhibitors (NRTIs), Protease inhibitors, Nonnucleoside analog reverse transcriptase
inhibitors (NNRTIs)

41
Q

Chronic autoimmune disease consisting of remissions and exacerbations.

A

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

42
Q

butterfly rash on bridge of nose and cheeks, fever, joint inflammation, fatigue, weight loss, splenic enlargement, vasculitis, leukopenia, anemia, nephrotic syndrome, and Raynaud phenomenon

A

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

43
Q

protection for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A

rest during flare-ups, protect against cold weather and UV light

44
Q

Autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation primarily affecting joints, autoantibodies primarily target synovial joints

A

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

45
Q

3 types of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

A

pauciarticular, polyarticular, and systemic.

46
Q

juvenile idiopathic arthritis manifestations:

A

joint symptoms (redness, pain, warmth, swelling, and stiffness) that are increased by inactivity, and system manifestations in some types (pericarditis, anemia, pleuritis).

47
Q

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis treatment:

A

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, and antirheumatic medications, activities that maintain joint mobility

48
Q

Result from exposure to environmental or food allergens, Caused by cell damage from antigen–antibody reactions that release histamine and causes allergic symptoms.

A

allergies

49
Q

_____ allergies can be IgE-mediated or non-IgE-mediated.

A

food

50
Q

______ indicates edema is occurring in the airway and is a sign of respiratory complication.

A

Wheezing

51
Q

Three types of reactions to natural latex:

A

IgE mediated, Cell-mediated contact dermatitis, Irritant dermatitis

52
Q

t/f: Food allergies can be diagnosed only by challenge testing.

A

false

53
Q

Acute, immediate, and severe IgE-mediated
response to an allergen.

A

Anaphylaxis #1

54
Q

common triggers for Anaphylaxis #1

A

nuts, shellfish, eggs, insect stings, penicillin, NSAIDs, radipaque dyes, latex

55
Q

Anaphylaxis #1 usually occurs within __ to __ minutes of contact with the allergen.

A

5 to 10

56
Q

Support the airway with intubation and ventilation if lip and tongue swelling and airway compromise, Assess circulation and administer IV fluids to provide volume expansion, monitor for 2 hours after

A

anaphylaxis #2

57
Q

Abnormal Hgb gene, sickle shaped RBCs, autosomal recessive disorder, asymptomatic carriers

A

sickle cell disease #1

58
Q

HgB F is protectant for the first 4 to 6 months of life, occlusion/hemolysis, premature RBC death

A

sickle cell disease #1

59
Q

Triggered by hypoxia, acidosis, dehydration, fever, and hypothermia, vasoocclusive, Splenic sequestration, Silent cerebral infarct, Acute chest syndrome

A

sickle cell crisis

60
Q

occluding vascular circulation: Severe pain from ischemia, Dactylitis

A

vasoocclusive

61
Q

increased infections; requires splenectomy

A

splenic sequestration

62
Q

Neuro assessments, Stroke or silent cerebral infarct

A

silent cerebral infarct

63
Q

Pulmonary vessel occlusion, Mimics pneumonia but infarcts and not infiltrations

A

acute chest syndrome

64
Q

increases the level of fetal Hgb, Reduces amount of crisis and promotes splenic function, Can cause neutropenia.

A

Hydroxyurea

65
Q

Used if hemolysis results in high levels of free iron, Subcutaneous infusion: chelating agent to bind iron, Use with vitamin C, Monitor for side effects.

A

Deferoxamine

66
Q

t/f: Deferoxamine should be administered with vitamin D to increase efficacy.

A

false, vitamin C

67
Q

Autosomal recessive condition, Abnormal Hgb beta chains lead to rapid RBC destruction, Hemolytic anemia with bone marrow hyperplasia due to erythropoiesis

A

Beta-Thalassemia (Cooley’s Anemia) #1

68
Q

Characteristics of the Cooley’s Anemia:

A

severe anemia, cell damage, free iron buildup

69
Q

-Bone malformations (maxillary, frontal lobe)
-Osteoporosis and osteopenia
-Splenomegaly and hepatomegaly
-Cardiomyopathy
-Short statures
-Yellow or bronze skin pigmentation

A

cooleys anemia

70
Q

treatment for cooleys anemia

A

chelation therapy to reduce free iron, BM transplant, frequent blood transfusions to replace RBCs

71
Q

All three blood cellular components low or absent

A

pancytopenia

72
Q

Complete bone marrow suppression or failure
-Rich, red marrow replaced with fatty yellow substance
-Congenital (autosomal recessive) or acquired (bone marrow destruction)

A

aplastic anemia (fanconi anemia)

73
Q

-Skeletal defects and genitourinary deformities
-Sensory dysfunctions
-Café au lait spots
-Cardiac defects
-Delayed growth and short stature
-Microcephaly and intellectual disability

A

congenital aplastic anemia

74
Q

-Excessive fatigue and weakness with behavior changes
-Recurrent infections and febrile episodes
-Petechia, bruising, epistaxis, and excessive bleeding

A

acquired aplastic anemia

75
Q

Induces puberty in males

A

androgen therapy for aplastic anemia

76
Q

Aplastic anemia is associated with which missing
component(s) in the blood?

A

RBC, WBC, platelets (all 3= panycytopenia)

77
Q

Bleeding disorder resulting in deficits of coagulation factors, typically inherited by sons of moms who carry trait

A

hemophilia 1

78
Q

classic hemophilia, factor VIII deficiency, X-linked recessive disorder, most common

A

Hemophilia A

79
Q

Christmas disease, Factor IX disorder

A

Hemophilia B

80
Q

manifestations of hemophilia

A

spontaneous/traumatic bleeding, external or internal bleeding, can be within tissues or joints from normal activity

81
Q

treatment for hemophilia

A

RICE< intranasal desmopressin, monitor clotting and coag times/studies, factor replacement

82
Q

A 4-month-old infant is diagnosed with hemophilia A after a prolonged nosebleed. Which clotting factor is
this child missing?

A

factor VIII

83
Q

Autosomal dominant, Link between subendothelial collagen and platelets, Binds to factor VIII in circulation to prevent
premature clearing

A

Von Willebrand Disease #1

84
Q

vWF deficiency

A

type 1 von Willebrand dx

84
Q

quality of vWF is poor

A

type 2 von Willebrand dx

85
Q

total absence of vWF

A

type 3 von Willebrand dx

86
Q

von Willebrand dx manifestations

A

mucosal bleeding, epistaxis, large bruising, menorrhagia

87
Q

Prophylactic and scheduled desmopressin doses, factor VIII replacement therapy, epistaxis control, avoid IM injections and rectal temp, birth control

A

treatment for von willebrand dx

88
Q

Systemic coagulation due to thrombosis from stimulated thrombin, hemorrhage d/t fibrinolysis stimulated by plasmin, secondary, widespread clot formation occurs first

A

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

Pathopharm (8 decks)

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