Peds Exam 1 Flashcards
infants experience stranger anxiety between __ to __ months of age
6 to 8
Can experience sleep deprivation due to these 3 things
strange noises, monitoring devices, and procedures
type of separation anxiety:
screaming, clinging to parents, verbal and physical aggression toward strangers
protest
type of separation anxiety:
withdrawal from others, depression, decreased communication, developmental regression
despair
type of separation anxiety:
interacting with strangers, forming new relationships, happy appearance
detachment
Each child’s understanding of illnesses and hospitalization is dependent on the child’s stage of _____ and ______
development and cognitive ability
things to listen for during assessment of the family
their unique stressors
Place infants whose parents are not in attendance close to ____ ____ so that their needs can
be quickly met.
nurses’ stations
Provide ______ in assigning caregivers
consistency
Encourage family members to stay with the child during the hospital experience to _____ __ _____
reduce the stress
Provide _______ appropriate activities
developmentally
Infant stage of growth and development: (neonatal)
Newborn through 12 months of age
Attainment of skills from head to toe
Cephalocaudal pattern:
Attainment of skills from trunk out to extremities
Proximodistal pattern
Gains ____ motor before ____ motor skills.
gross before fine
What motor development milestones would you expect an infant to attain first?
Opens and closes hands
An infant learns to open and close their hands at __ months of age.
2
infants use a raking grasp at __ months
6
infants learn a pincer grasp at __ months
9
infants feed themselves with a spoon at __ months.
12
what months do babies get appointments
newborn, 1 month, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 9 months, 12 months
Assess infants on the ______ lap.
caregivers
t/f: Perform the most invasive procedures last.
true
Assess for hip dysplasia until __ months of age.
3
posterior fontanelles (smaller) close between __ and __ months of age
2 and 3
anterior fontanelles (larger) close between __ and __ months of age
12 and 18
Strabismus is common until __ months of age.
6
To inspect the pinna of the ear, pull it ___ and ____
down and back
t/f: Heart rate and respirations are often irregular in newborns
true
misalignment of the eyes, causing one eye to deviate inward (esotropia) toward the nose, or outward (exotropia), while the other eye remains focused.
stribasimus
bluish discoloration of the extremities due to decreased amount of oxygen delivered to the peripheral part, that is often common in newborns
acrocyanosis
The top of the pinna should align along an imaginary line with the ___ _____ of the eye
outer canthus
A pinna that sits below the imaginary line between the outer canthus of the eye could indicate _____ _____
chromosomal abnormalities
a common foot deformity noted at birth that causes the front half of the foot, or forefoot, to turn inward, NORMAL in infants
Benign metatarsus adductus
Passive immunity until __ months of age
6
sunken fontanelle=
dehydration
swollen fontanelle=
increase pressure, fluid build up
Myelination of spinal cord from newborn to ___ months
24
reflexes the child is born with, disappear over first year of life
primitive relfexes
which type of reflexes are sucking, rooting, Babinski, Moro (startle), stepping, palmar grasp, plantar grasp, tonic neck
(fencer).
primitive
Babinski reflex normally lasts until __ months.
24
relfexes that Develop after the disappearance of primitive reflexes, not until after 12 months
protective reflexes
Newborn’s first stool, Thick and green
Meconium
If breastfed, stool is
Thinner consistency, Seedy and yellow
If fed formula, stool is
Pastier consistency, Darker in color
Normal to have __ stool every other day and up to __ stools daily
1, 10
FLACC scale stands for
Face
Legs
Activity
Cry
Consolability
higher score on FLACC scale indicates:
more pain
NIPS stands for:
Neonatal Infant Pain Scale
t/f:
A FLACC score of 8 indicates mild pain.
false. 0 is no pain and 10 is worst pain possible
LENGTH:
Grow ___ to ___ cm per month for first 6 months.
1.5 to 2.5
LENGTH:
Grow __ cm per month for months 6 to 12.
1
Lose __% body weight the first week of life but regained by end of the 2nd week.
10%
infants Gain __ to __ g per day for the first 3 months
20 to 30
babies weight doubles by __ to __ months, and triples by __ months
4 to 6, 12
head circumference Increases rapidly the first __ months, then slows until __ months.
6, 12
babies begin “cooing” at __ months of age.
2
baby Babbles by __ months of age.
6
babies Copy sounds at __ months of age.
9
By __ months of age, babies can use simple gestures and follow simple directions.
12
what are babies vision at birth
20/400
No color vision until __ months of age
7
t/f: babies Prefer high-pitched voices
true
t/f: infants prefer sweet tastes over sour tastes
true
easy temperament=
Quickly establishes routines, adapts easily
Difficult temperament=
Requires high levels of activity, fussiness, crying
Slow to warm up temperament=
Middle level of fussiness, initial negative reactions, adapts over time
Risks to newborns and infants are found in
Tobacco exposure, Food and housing insecurity, Parental substance abuse
Room sharing in own bed until __ months of age is recommended.
6
how should infants sleep?
sleep on back
Newborns sleep about __ hours per day (or more!).
16
A nurse is working with occupational therapy to plan what developmentally-appropriate toys should
be given to her 10-month-old patient. What is the most appropriate?
Board books
solid foods start at __ months of age
6
Start with iron-fortified cereal, then add other pureed foods slowly (every 3 days) to prevent _____
allergies
first tooth at __ to __ months
4 to 7
signs of teething:
Fussy and irritable, Increased salivation, Low-grade fevers, Difficulty sleeping
Self-limiting condition of increased fussiness and inconsolable crying
colic
colic Peaks at __ weeks of age and resolves by __ to __ months of age.
6, 3-6
t/f: colic is worse in the evening time
true
Brief Resolved Unexplained Events
BRUE
symptoms of BRUE:
Cyanosis or pallor, Irregular, slowed, or absent breathing, Hypertonia or hypotonia, Altered level of responsiveness
Any skin breakdown in the diaper region, erythematous and excoriated
diaper dermatitis
Treat diaper dermatitis by:
leaving diapers off and allowing skin to dry.
Scales and erythema, usually only in scalp. (“cradle cap”)
seborrhea
Seborrhea usually resolves by __ months
12
Defined as a temperature over 100.4 F (38 C)
fever
visits for toddlers are conducted at:
15 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, and 3 years.
toddler ear (pinna) inspection:
pull it back and down.
things toddlers may be afraid of:
new people and places, dark, intrusive procedures and flushing stool down toilet because there is not a clear separation of self from body
toddler stage is
12 to 36 months of age
All 20 baby teeth should be present by __ years of age.
3
___ increases and ____ decreases as toddler grows and develops.
BP, HR
toddler stool frequency:
usually 1 per day
Normal hemoglobin ratio at __ months of age
12
Most common chronic skin condition in children, eczema
- Symptoms:
Severely dry skin
Erythematous patches
Extreme pruritus
Thickening of the skin
atopic dermatitis
Is the inflammation of the middle ear and middle ear effusion, ear infections
acute otitis media
risk factors for ear infections:
Exposure to tobacco smoke, Exposure to other children, Congenital anomalies
Protective factors for ear infection:
Breastfeeding, Pneumococcal vaccination
HEIGHT:
Grow 5 inches (12.7 cm) from __ months to __ years of age.
12, 2
HEIGHT:
Grow 2 to 3 inches (5-7.6 cm) from __ to __ years of age.
2 to 3
Measure standing height at __ years of age.
3
Perform sitting weight until __ years of age.
3
Gain __ pounds (2.3 kg) per year.
5
toddlers head circumference Increases by __ cm from 12 to 24 months.
2 cm
stage of autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Erikson
symbolic thinking develops at 2 years of age
Piaget
belief that inanimate objects have a consciousness and other life-like properties
animis
Preconventional level: Avoidance of punishment as motivation for obedience, Not focused on right and wrong
Kohlberg
The nurse is explaining Kohlberg’s theory of moral development to the parent of a toddler. The nurse
tells the parents that in the preconventional level of moral development, what factor motivates
obedience?
avoidance of punishment
The nurse is assessing gross and fine motor development in a 2-year-old child. What developmental milestones would the nurse expect to observe in this child?
stacks objects
______ language develops quicker than _____ language.
receptive, expressive
Repetition of words and phrases without understanding meaning
Echolalia
Two- to three-word sentences, Only contain enough words to get the point
across.
telegraphic speech
Believe the world revolves around them, Focused on self only
Egocentric
Ride forward facing in back seat in five-point harness from __ to __ years of age (rear facing before 2 years of age).
2 to 4
Change from formula or breastmilk to cow’s milk at __ months.
12
Use nonflavored whole milk until __ years of age.
2
Times a toddler will only eat certain foods then suddenly refuse to eat those foods anymore, Common around age 3
food jags
Limit milk to ___ oz per day or less to prevent anemia.
24
The mother of a 3-year-old child tells the clinic nurse that her child insists on having a bottle at
naptime and bedtime. What intervention should the nurse suggest to the
mother?
Do not allow the child to have the bottle.
playing alongside one another but not with each other.
parallel play
9 hours at night and __ naps until 18 months
2
9 hours at night and __ longer nap after 18 months
1
potty training usually begins at what age
2
Result of receptive language development versus expressive language development, starts at 12 months
temper tantrums
what is the preschool stage
3 to 6 years (3,4 and 5 year olds)
2 key characteristics in preschoolers
imagination and creativity
_____ motor skills become more coordinated in preschoolers, ____ motor develops exponentially
gross, fine
2 coping mechanisms for preschoolers
aggressive responses and scatology
when do you begin to involve child in health history during physical assessment?
preschool age
t/f: do NOT allow preschoolers to make choices or play with safe medical equipment during assessment
false
Implement visual acuity testing at age __?
4
To inspect the pinna of the ear at age 3, pull it ___ and ____.
up and back
Assess hearing with _______ emissions test at preschool age
optoacoustic
Can use _____ pulses for heart rate assessments in preschoolers
radial
Visual acuity reaches 20/20 at __ to __ years of age.
4 to 5
Thoracic breathing begins at age __
5
Full daytime bladder control around __ years of age.
3
Nighttime bladder control around __ to __ years of age.
4 to 5
Genu valgum or _____ _____ in early preschool period.
knock-knees
at preschool age, Body is more ____ and abdominal muscles are _____
slender, stronger
are preschool age kids able to point to location of pain
no
Six points with corresponding photos of children’s faces depicting different levels of pain
- Scale of 0 to 100, with higher number indicating more pain
oucher scale
Six cartoon faces with different expressions
- Scale of 0 to 10, with higher number indicating more pain
FACES scale
preschoolers height:
grow __ to ___ per year
2.5 to 3 in (6.1 to 7.6 cm) per year
Average 4 year old height is ___
40 in (3.3 ft)
preschoolers weight:
- Gain ____ lb (2.3 kg) per year from ages 3 to 6
5
Average 4 year old weighs _____
40 lb (18.1 kg)
t/f: head growth slows at preschool age
true
head circumference growth: Only _________ increase from 3 to 18 years of age.
1.9 to 2.4 in (5 to 6 cm)
Psychosocial:
- Asserts self more and wants to please parents, Plans and initiates activities
Erikson stage of initiative vs guilt
cognitive:
Preoperational stage until 4 years of age
-Remains egocentric and focuses only on one aspect
piaget
connecting unrelated events
Transductive reasoning
Intuitive thinking after __ years of age
4
preschoolers Develop logical thought based on _____
perception
unable to reverse sequence of events
irreversibility
preschoolers: fantasy and vivid imaginations
magical thinking
Moral:
-Right and wrong is interpreted through punishment and reward.
-Rules are seen as absolute.
Kohlberg: Preconventional stage
Psychosexual
- Genitals become area of interest
-Identifies more with parents of the same sex
Freud: Phallic stage
A 4-year-old child tells the nurse, “I got sick because I broke my sister’s toy.” The nurse knows
that this is an example of what?
transductive reasoning
gross motor milestones of a 3 year old
-walks up and down stairs with one feet on each step
-pedals tricycle
-runs well
-jumps forward
gross motor milestone for 4 year old:
-climbs and hops
-stands on one foot
-catches bounced ball
gross motor milestone for 5 year old:
-swings
-climbs
-stand on one foot for 10 seconds
-somersaults
fine motor milestones for 3 year olds:
-puts on coat by self
-draws head and one body part
-draws single circle
-puzzles with 3-4 pieces
-tower of over 6 blocks
-turn pages 1 at time
-holds pencil with entire hand
fine motor milestones for 4 year olds:
-draws person with 3 body parts
-draws cross
-buttons/unbuttons large buttons
-grasps pencil with thumb and finger
-uses scissors
fine motor milestones for 5 year olds:
-draws person with at least 6 body parts
-prints some letters/numbers
-copies shapes
-uses fork and spoon
t/f: preschoolers language is learned through exposure to words.
true
Children living in _____ are at increased risk of language delay.
poverty
Underlying causes of language delay include:
Autism
Cognitive impairment
Emotional delays
Low socioeconomic status or neglect
Underlying neurological disorders
language development milestones in a 3 year old:
-speaks in 3 word sentences
-strangers can understand 75% of childs language
-follow 2 or 3 step instructions
-names a friend
language development milestones in a 4 year old:
-uses he and she correctly
-sing songs
-tell stories
-strangers can understand 100%
-4 word sentences
-know some colors and numbers
language development milestones in a 5 year old:
-counts to 10
-name at least 4 colors
-uses full sentences
-knows name/address
-knows future tense
Interested in basic sexuality by the age of ___ to __
5 to 6
preschoolers: Develop their own _____ and __________
identity, independence
Use imaginary ____ and imaginary ____ to explore communication and emotions
play, friends
social and emotional development milestones in 3 year olds:
-goes to BR by self
-cooperates/shares
-understands mine/yours
-separates easily from mom and dad
-copies adults
-show concern
social and emotional development milestones in 4 year olds:
-likes to do new things
-engages in creative/imaginary play
-likes to play with other children
-talks about interests
-follow simple rules
-may not be able to differentiate real from make-believe
social and emotional development milestones in 5 year olds:
-follow simple directions
-wants to please friends
-understands gender
-differentiates real from make believe
-likely to follow rules
preschoolers: Natural curiosity can create harmful situations such as:
-improper handling of firearms
-poisoning
-choking
books to use with preschoolers:
Use picture books or Books with a few words
per page
how to carry on conversations with preschoolers:
ask open-ended questions
preschoolers: Use arts and crafts for fine motor skills such as:
modeling clay, crayons
preschoolers learn to share and take turns with:
simple board games
outdoor activities for preschoolers:
Playgrounds, bicycles, tricycles
- Unstructured physical activity
toys to avoid (preschoolers):
Toys with small parts, small magnets, or lead paint.
- Excessive electronics.
Preschoolers require __ to ___ hours per day of sleep
10 to 13
Naps typically end around __ years of age.
4
Child wakes up scared and wants comfort from parents, talk about it and put back to sleep
nightmares
Child is not awake when they occur and does not remember
episodes, May scream, kick, thrash, or push parents away, Do not try to wake the child.
night terrors
Preschoolers behave better if given opportunities for independence with ____ ____.
set limits
time outs time
1 min per year of age
yelling and spanking leads to:
aggression and physical struggles
how many calories per day for preschoolers:
Requires 1,200-1,400 cal./day.
nutrition for preschoolers:
Three meals and one to two snacks per day, Avoid foods high in fat and sugar.
what encourages picky eating in preschoolers:
do not fix separate meals
lying in preschoolers stems from
overactive imaginations or to avoid punishment
Punishment should be based on severity of the _________ and ____.
transgression and lie
Bright red cheeks with “slapped” appearance, peaks in late winter/spring, Lacy rash on trunk and upper extremities
Erythema infectiosum, fifth disease
nightmares happen during ___ sleep, night terrors happen during _____
REM, non REM (first 4 hours)
Spread through fecal-oral route, May have mild fever and moderate pain, Vesicular and/or pustular lesions occur on the oropharynx, palms of hands, and soles of feet.
Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease
how to avoid hand foot mouth disease
proper handwashing
Self-limiting condition; usually resolves after 1 week.
inflammation of conjunctiva, Also known as “pink-eye,” contagious, typically associated with thick
drainage, pruritus, and/or vision changes.
conjunctivitis
School-Age Period
ages 6 to 12
Logical thinking develops at what period
school-age
t/f: Family values and home routine are two of the most important influences during the school-age
period.
false, they are focused on friendships/peers
Annual health promotion visits between ages __ and __
6 and 12
Direct your questions to ____, but verify answers with ______
child, caregiver
t/f: Parents should remain in the examination room during assessment of school aged child
true
Use the _____ eye chart to assess vision
Snellen
Begin hyperlipidemia screening at age __
11
an abnormally high concentration of fats or lipids in the blood.
hyperlipidemia
Frontal sinuses are fully developed at __ years old
7
Facial structures become _______ in school aged kids
elongated
Fully developed respiratory system at __ years old
10
Point of maximum impulse moves to ___ intercostal space, midclavicular line
5th
t/f: Legs and arms grow faster than the rest of the body in school aged kids
true
Secondary sex characteristics develop in boys between __ and __ years of age
9 and 14
First sign of development in males is
testicular enlargement
Secondary sex characteristics develop in girls between __ and __ years of age
8 and 13
First sign of puberty in girls is
breast bud development (thelarche, pronounced thee larky)
t/f: males have growth spurt earlier than girls
false: girls first
Menarche occurs __ years after breast bud development
2
Use Oucher or FACES pain rating scale for children younger than __
7
Straight line with number spaced evenly, 0 to 10 scale, higher number indicates more pain
Numerical pain scale, older than 7
Include _____ considerations in pain assessment
cultural
Which pain scale would be most appropriate for the nurse to implement for a 10-
year-old child with a leg fracture?
Numerical rating scale
height growth for school aged kids:
2.5 to 3 in (6.3 to 7.3 cm) per year
weight growth for school aged kids:
Gains 6.5 to 7.5 lb (2.9 to 3.4 kg) per year
t/f: Girls are taller than boys at 12 years old
true
Learns productivity and perseverance, Develops confidence and competence, Likes to understand how things work, sets achievable goals
Psychosocial: Erikson stage of industry vs. inferiority (school age)
Concrete operational stage, Can put items in sequential order, Learns concepts of reversibility and time, Learns about objects through manipulation, understands cause and effect
cognitive (school age)
Concrete Operational Piaget
Conventional stage: “good boy, good girl” and “society”, follows rules, Maintains expectations of family and society, sees things from diff perspectives, think about societal laws
(school aged, moral)
Conventional stage Kohlberg
Latent stage, Focuses more on relationships with same-sex peers
psychosocial (school aged)
Latent Stage Freud
school aged HR at rest
70-110
school aged resp. rate at rest
16-22
gross motor milestones for school aged kids
Muscle coordination, rhythm, and balance improve
- Can ride bike by age 7 to 8
- Growth spurts may decrease coordination
- Organized sports, dance, and gymnastics are
popular activities
fine motor skills in school aged kids
Improved hand-eye coordination and finger
dexterity
-Playing an instrument, braiding string for bracelets,
and building models are popular activities
- May become frustrated as skills develop
Ability to think about language and how it is used
metalinguistic awareness
Develop positive or negative self-esteem through ________ ____ _____
interactions with others (their peers)
Children identify a best friend by __ years old
7
school aged kids Want to be accepted by peers and are subject to ____ ______
peer pressure
Identifying with a gender different from biological sex
gender dysphoria
gender dysphoria is first seen in children ages __ to __ years old
9 to 10
t/f: All children with gender dysphoria later identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.
false
immunizations for 11 to 12 year olds
Influenza, Diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis (DTaP), Human papillomavirus (HPV), Meningococcal disease
school aged kids require __ to __ hours of sleep per night
9 to 12
Encourage healthy bedtime routines such as:
Consistent bedtime, Only use bed for sleep, No electronic devices
school aged: Monitor calcium and Vitamin __ intake.
D
-Unwillingness to attend school
-Multiple short absences or one prolonged absence
-Associated with severe emotional distress from
school
-Common in children ages 5 to 7 and 12 to 14
school refusal
most common types of bullying in school:
social or verbal
Competitiveness may be the reason for _____, and more likely in children with siblings
cheating
Understand the concepts of property and ownership at __ years old
7
Every year the influenza vaccine contains ___-___ antigens to the strains of virus predicted to be most prominent
3-4
The influenza vaccine is recommended for children over the age of __ months who have no contraindications for the vaccine, such as a known allergy to the vaccine
6
Fungal infections classified by location, Increased risk of immunosuppressed, Pruritis and scaling are common symptoms
tinea infections
Tinea corporis, also known as _______, Multiple scaly plaques on the torso.
ringworm
Tinea capitis, alopecia common with this
ringworm of the scalp
Tinea pedis, commonly occurs between the toes
athletes foot
A painful, swollen, boggy area associated with tinea capitis.
kerion
viral or bacterial, sore throat, may also present with sandpaper-like rash, use antibiotics
Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis
t/f: Tonsillar hypertrophy may lead to partial airway obstruction and/or sleep apnea
true
adolescent age period
10 to 21
early adolescent stage
10 to 13
middle adolescent age:
14 to 17 years
late adolescent age:
18 to 21 years
adolescent age: increase in what type of behavior?
risk-taking
is a health history done with or without caregiver present for adolescents?
without (but allow them to ask questions)
Prefrontal cortex is undeveloped until ____ adolescence
late
Wisdom teeth develop in what stage?
adolescents
Growth plates close in _____ to ___ adolescence
middle to late
Muscle development is greater in males or females?
males
Skeletal growth occurs before or after muscle growth in adolescents?
before
Active _______ glands lead to acne in adolescents
sebaceous
early adolescent physical changes in males:
tanner stages 1-2
testicular enlargement
start of penile growth
middle adolescent physical changes in males:
tanner stages 3-5
growth spurt
nocturnal emissions
body and facial hair
late adolescent physical changes in males:
tanner stage 5
increased lean muscle mass
early adolescent physical changes in females:
tanner stages 1-2
breast buds
pubic and axillary hair
growth spurt
menarche
middle adolescent physical changes in females:
tanner stages 3-5
peak growth velocity
late adolescent physical changes in females:
tanner stage 5
increase muscle mass
what pain scale to use on adolescents
numerical rating scale or visual analog scale
no pain on left, and worst pain imaginable on right
visual analog scale
female adolescent height growth:
3 to 3.5 in per year during growth spurt.
male adolescent height growth:
3.5 to 4 in per year during growth spurt.
adolescent weight:
Healthy body mass index between __ and __ percentile.
5th and 85th
Body fat increases in _____, Muscle mass increases in ____.
females, males
-Self-conscious about changing body and concerned
with attractiveness
- Body image stabilizes and identity forms in late
adolescence
adolescent age
Erikson stage of identity vs. role confusion
- Able to think abstractly without manipulating
concrete objects - Logic and reasoning develop
- Egocentric
Formal operational stage
cognitive- piaget adolescent age
-Understand what is morally right and legally right
are not always the same.
-Establishes own set of morals.
-Individual morals may be different from family
morals.
moral- kohlberg- adolescent age
Postconventional stage
-Experiments sexually
- Settles into relationships
freud: Genital stage
-adolescent age
gross Motor Development of Adolescents
-speed, coordination, endurance improve
-narrow focus of interests
-skill/muscle development
fine Motor Development of Adolescents
-improved dexterity and hand eye coordination
-advanced high motor skills
adolescent communicaton/speech
Vocabulary and language increase in ______.
complexity
Which people are most likely to affect an adolescent’s behavior?
peers
The adolescent needs to complete the __ vaccine series if not
already completed and needs the second dose of the
meningococcal vaccine at age __ years.
HPV, 16
adolescents Require __ to __ hours of sleep per night.
7 to 8
effects of adolescent sleep deficits:
-Negative mood and increased emotional reactivity
-Mood disorders
-Substance use
-Obesity
Risk factors that increase violent behavior include:
Exposure to firearms
Single-parent home
Low socioeconomic status
Poor family functioning
Daily disruption of mood and loss of pleasure in activities, lasts 2 weeks or longer
depression
t/f: Risk doubles if the parent has depression
true
Selective ______ reuptake inhibitors are used most
often for treatment
serotonin
What is the first line of treatment for adolescent depression?
Psychotherapy
Viral infection caused by Epstein–Barr virus, spread through oral secretions
Infectious Mononucleosis
symptoms of mono:
fever, pharyngitis, enlarged
tonsils, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly
mono: Avoid contact sports for 2 to 3 weeks to avoid ____ rupture
splenic
acute mono symptoms last 2 to 4 weeks, full recover may take up to __ months
6
emergency assessment: ABC
establish patent Airway
ensure adequate Breathing
Perform rapid cardiopulmonary assessments for Circulation
Normal saline or lactated ringers used for volume _____
expansion
Anticholinergic used to increase heart rate and cardiac output
atropine
Increase blood glucose levels
dextrose
Increases heart rate and myocardial contractility
dobutamine
Increases cardiac output and blood pressure
dopamine
Increases heart rate and systemic vascular resistance
epinephrine
Reverses respiratory depression and hypotension related to narcotic effects
naloxone
State of cessation of breathing or severe respiratory dysfunction that leads to inadequate ventilation and oxygenation
respiratory arrest
Croup, epiglottitis, strangulation, tracheal stenosis
upper airway disorders
Asthma, bronchitis, pertussis, pneumothorax, pneumonia
lower airway disorders
Seizures, spinal cord trauma, sudden infant death syndrome
neurological disorders
Arrhythmias, acquired heart problems, congenital defects
cardiac disorders
Burns, foreign body aspiration, child abuse, drowning, electrocution, gunshot wound, motor vehicle accidents, poisoning
traumatic injuries
Trauma caused by near drowning or survival after suffocation and respiratory impairment by submersion in a liquid medium
submersion injuries (drowning)
Hypoxia and hypercapnia leads to _______.
unconsciousness
t/f: Symptoms of submersion injuries can appear up to 24 hours after the submersion.
true
Reduction in tissue perfusion resulting in decreased oxygen delivery to tissues and decreased removal of harmful by-products of metabolism type
shock
Tachycardia, tachypnea, and warm or cool skin
compensated shock
Cool skin, decreased peripheral pulses, decreased urinary output, extremely high heart rate, altered
neurological status, and hypotension
decompensated shock
Bradycardia, hypotension unresponsive to treatment, and evidence of end-organ damage
irreversible shock
what organs is not directly involved in the compensatory mechanisms for shock?
pancreas
Loss of plasma or blood from intravascular space.
hypovolemic shock
Abnormal distribution of blood volume secondary to vasodilation and/or capillary permeability.
-less blood returned to heart
distributive shock
Mechanical blockage of blood into the heart and major vessels.
obstructive shock
Pericardial drain for ____
tamponade
Chest tube for _______
pneumothorax
Anticoagulants for
embolism
-Impaired myocardial function.
-Heart unable to maintain cardiac output and tissue
perfusion.
cardiogenic shock
What interventions are most important for hypovolemic shock?
fluid administration
