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Nursing Struggle Bus > Peds Exam 1 > Flashcards

Peds Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s the age range of infants?

A

Birth - 12 months

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2
Q

What are the normal height parameters in infants?

A

Grow 1 in. per month by 6 months. Height should be increased by 50% by 12 months.

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3
Q

What are the normal weight parameters in infants?

A

Weight should be doubled by 5 months and tripled by 12 months.

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4
Q

What are the normal head circumference parameters in infants?

A

Head circumference should increase by 10cm by 12 months.

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5
Q

What supplement is recommended within the first few days of life?

A

Vitamin D (400 IU)

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6
Q

What is the recommended period for breastfeeding?

A

First 6 months

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7
Q

Why is correct formula mixing a key when feeding formula?

A

To avoid dehydration and fluid/electrolyte imbalance

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8
Q

What type of formula should be used when bottle feeding?

A

Iron-fortified formula

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9
Q

When can solid foods be introduced to infants?

A

4-6 months, when extrusion reflex is extinguished

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10
Q

In what order should solid foods be introduced?

A

Cereal/oatmeal/rice -> veggies -> fruits

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11
Q

Why should you introduce one new food at a time for every 3-5 days?

A

To check & know what caused an allergy if there is a reaction

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12
Q

How’s infant’s eyesight at birth?

A

Nearsighted

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13
Q

When do infants have full-color vision?

A

By 7 months

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14
Q

How’s infant’s hearing?

A

As acute as an adult. They can recognize caregiver’s voice by 1 month

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15
Q

How’s infant’s taste/smell?

A

They can differentiate taste and smell of breastmilk by day 7. Prefers sweet taste

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16
Q

Erickson’s psychosocial development stage in infants

A

Trust vs. Mistrust

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17
Q

What are some primitive reflexes?

A

Sucking, rooting, stepping, fencing, startle, palmer/plantar grasp, babinski

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18
Q

How do you know if infant has healthy neurological system?

A

If they have both primitive and protective reflexes

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19
Q

Language development in infants

A

Coos at 3 months, Babbles at 6 months

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20
Q

How many words are in infant’s vocabulary by 12 months?

A

3-5 words

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21
Q

When can infants control their head and roll back to side?

A

4 months; gross motor

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22
Q

When can infants roll front to back?

A

6 months; gross motor

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23
Q

When can infants start to sit unsupported?

A

9 months; gross motor

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24
Q

When can infants start to sit from standing and walk with 1 hand or independently?

A

12 months; gross motor

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25
Q

When does crude pincer grasp develop?

A

9 months

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26
Q

When the infant can turn pages of the book, self feed with spoon, and use a cup, we know they are around

A

12 months

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27
Q

Piaget’s stage in infants

A

Sensorimotor

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28
Q

What is Piaget’s major task in infants?

A

Object permanence; separation anxiety

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29
Q

When does object permanence develop?

A

8 month

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30
Q

What are some age-appropriate activities in infants?

A

Solitary play; mirrors, soft stuffed toys, large blocks/balls, rattles, mobils

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31
Q

What’s the age range of toddlers?

A

1-3 years

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32
Q

What kind of playstyle do toddlers do?

A

Parallel play; they might be in a same area, but does not share toys. They have their own projects

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33
Q

What are some age-appropriate toys for toddlers?

A

Large blocks, balls, crayons, puzzles, push-pull toys, finger paint

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34
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial theory in toddlers

A

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

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35
Q

What’s the normal weight parameter in toddlers?

A

4 times the birth weight by 30 months

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36
Q

What’s the normal height parameter in toddlers?

A

Grows about 3 inches per year; reaches half of their adult height by 2 years

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37
Q

What’s the normal head circumference parameter in toddlers?

A

Equal to chest, gets more proportional by age 3

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38
Q

What development allows toddlers to start potty train?

A

Myelination of brain and spinal cord; by 2-3 years of age

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39
Q

What are some major characteristics of Erikson’s theory in toddlers?

A

Independence, negativism, egocentrism, ritualism, regression, temper tantrum

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40
Q

Why are toddlers egocentric?

A

They are unable to see things from perspectives of others

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41
Q

Why does regression happen?

A

Due to stressors; they might be potty trained and been doing well but if they are in the hospital, where it’s a big stress for them, they might start peeing and pooping everywhere

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42
Q

What Piaget stage do toddlers fall into?

A

Sensorimotor - Preoperational

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43
Q

What’s symbolic thought?

A

Make mental representations of objects in the world around them
Ex. broom = horse

44
Q

What are the 2 language development characteristics in toddlers?

A

Echolalia (repeat what others say), telegraphic speech (2 words)

45
Q

When does separation anxiety reemerge?

A

Between 18-24 months

46
Q

When do you start weaning off of breastfeeding, bottles, and no-spill sippy cups?

A

12-15 months

47
Q

What are the nutritional needs of toddlers?

A

3 full meals and 2 snacks; iron supplements

48
Q

Why is iron-deficiency anemia common in toddlers?

A

Because they are weaning from formula and they are picky eaters

49
Q

What is a food jag?

A

When toddlers prefer certain foods for a period of time then not wanting for another time

50
Q

How does ritualism play in nutrition?

A

Some toddlers will not eat if they don’t have same dish, cup, or spoon

51
Q

What’s a transitional object?

A

Object to provide security and comfort when in stressful environment

52
Q

When should toddlers have all 20 baby teeth?

A

30 months

53
Q

What does DANGERS stand for when it comes to toddler safety?

A

Drowning
Auto accidents
Nose dives
Getting burned
Eating toxins
Revolvers/Rifles
Suffocate/choke

54
Q

Until when should toddlers be in back seat facing rear?

A

age 2

55
Q

What should you do if your car does not have a back seat?

A

Disable airbag

56
Q

When can toddlers sit forward-facing in the car?

A

After 2 years, but still needs to be in the back seat

57
Q

What’s the age range of preschoolers?

A

3-6 years

58
Q

What are some common fears that preschoolers have?

A

Dark, monsters, hospitalizations, bugs, etc

59
Q

Why is fear a big thing in preschoolers?

A

Due to vivid imagination; animism

60
Q

What Piaget stage are preschoolers in?

A

Preoperational (preconceptual - intuitive)

61
Q

What are the major concepts of Piaget’s stage in preschoolers?

A

Magical thinking, imaginary friend, animism, being able to tell time in relation to daily activities

62
Q

What’s magical thinking?

A

Believe thoughts are all powerful; certain actions they take will influence the world.
Ex. pink blanket keeps monsters away

63
Q

What’s a good example of animism?

A

Toy story

64
Q

What Erikson stage are preschoolers in?

A

Initiative vs. Guilt; explore/criticism. “Am I good or bad?”

65
Q

What kind of play do preschoolers do?

A

Associative. Begins to share but have separate goals
Ex. playing with legos but ones making a house and other is making a car

66
Q

What are some age-appropriate toys/activities for preschoolers?

A

Pretend play, arts and crafts (imagination), books, puzzles, dress up; anything with imagination

67
Q

How can you provide atraumatic care to preschoolers?

A

Allow choices, demonstrate on dolls, simple, concrete terms, make a story while doing examinations

68
Q

How many words will preschoolers have in their vocabulary?

A

about 2000 words; can speak 5-word sentences that are complex and descriptive

69
Q

Characteristic of preschooler’s speech

A

Elaborate, great pretenders due to imaginations

70
Q

What’s the problem with preschoolers fearing hospitalizations?

A

They might think it’s a punishment; reassurance and honesty is important

71
Q

Because major language development occurs during preschool age, language delay may indicate

A

Presence of underlying problems like cognitive, auditory, etc.

72
Q

How many hours does preschooler shouldsleep?

A

about 12 hours; infrequent naps

73
Q

What is the biggest problem with fears and sleep schedule?

A

They might resist bedtime due to nightmares; it’s important to continue bedtime rituals

74
Q

At what age do kids start to lose baby teeth?

A

Around 5-6 years

75
Q

How frequent should dental visits be?

A

Every 6 months

76
Q

What Piaget’s stage are school-agers in?

A

Concrete operations

77
Q

What age range are school-ager in?

A

6-12 years

78
Q

What are some Piaget’s major tasks in school-age?

A

Concrete thinking, principle of conservaation, reversibility, classify and sort objects, tell time

79
Q

In what Erikson stage are school-age in?

A

Industry vs. Inferiority; social skills/competency

80
Q

What are some physical developmental concerns in school-age?

A

Hearing deficits, sight, learning/speech difficulties
Now in school, they have something to compare to (grades). Deficits become more obvious because they can’t see the board, hear the teacher, poor grade

81
Q

What are some overall developmental concerns in school-age?

A

Bullying, school refusal, media (tv, games, etc.) and substances (tobacco/alcohol)

82
Q

What physical changes occur during school-age?

A

Diaphragmic breathing from abdominal breathing, frontal sinus develop at 7, brain growth complete by age 10, development of secondary sex characteristics

83
Q

What type of play to school-age do?

A

Cooperative

84
Q

What are some age-appropriate activities for school-age?

A

Sports, simple models, boardgames, action figures

85
Q

How does peer relationship look like in school-age?

A

Peer pressure, clubs, bffs, bullies. feeling accepted is important

86
Q

What is the nutritional needs for school-age?

A

Need decreased calories but appetite increases
Calcium intake to maintain bone growth

87
Q

What does HEAVY stand for in regards to obesity risk?

A

High caloric diet
Exercise lacking
Accessibility to health foods limited
View food as a way to deal with stress
Your genetics and family dynamics

88
Q

How can you manage/prevent obesity in school-age?

A

It should be a family effort and replace junk food with creative health food

89
Q

When do you screen for scoliosis?

A

During school age; before and during growth spurts

90
Q

What should you do when caring for adolescent patient?

A

Respect privacy, clear, honest communication, let them socialize with friends, promote independence, let them be part of decision making

91
Q

What Erikson’s stage are adolescents in?

A

Identity vs. Role Confusion

92
Q

What Piaget stage are adolescents in?

A

Formal operations; abstract thinking and invincibility

93
Q

What health promotion education is important in adolescents?

A

Sexual health; STI prevention, contraceptions, dating violence

94
Q

What’s the leading cause of death in adolescents?

A

Unintentional injury; MVC is #1 and Poisoning is #2

95
Q

What’s the 2nd leading cause of death in adolescents?

A

Suicide

96
Q

When does puberty occur in girls?

A

Age 9-10

97
Q

When does puberty occur in boys?

A

Age 10-11

98
Q

When do growth plates start to close?

A

Release of sex hormones

99
Q

What are some puberty hormones?

A

GnRH, FSH, LH

100
Q

How does puberty hormones relate to each other?

A

GnRH stimulates the release of FSH and LH. Increased LH leads ovulation in girls and mature testicles and testosterone production in boys

100
Q

What hormone stimulate sperm production?

A

FSH and LH

101
Q

What’s the order of maturation in girls?

A

Breast development -> pubic hair -> armpit hair -> menstruation

102
Q

What’s the order of maturation in boys?

A

Testicle enlargement -> pubic hair -> penile enlargement -> armpit hair -> facial hair -> vocal change

103
Q

What’s the caloric needs for adolescents?

A

Average of 2000 calories

104
Q

What are some supplements adolescents need?

A

Calcium (1300mg/day) and Iron (11mg/day in male, 15mg/day in female)

105
Q

Blood volume and lung capacity is greater in

A

Boys than girls

106
Q

What’s one physical development difference between girls and boys?

A

Fat deposits increase in girls, muscle mass increases in boys

Nursing Struggle Bus (8 decks)

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