Peds Exam 1 Flashcards
What’s the age range of infants?
Birth - 12 months
What are the normal height parameters in infants?
Grow 1 in. per month by 6 months. Height should be increased by 50% by 12 months.
What are the normal weight parameters in infants?
Weight should be doubled by 5 months and tripled by 12 months.
What are the normal head circumference parameters in infants?
Head circumference should increase by 10cm by 12 months.
What supplement is recommended within the first few days of life?
Vitamin D (400 IU)
What is the recommended period for breastfeeding?
First 6 months
Why is correct formula mixing a key when feeding formula?
To avoid dehydration and fluid/electrolyte imbalance
What type of formula should be used when bottle feeding?
Iron-fortified formula
When can solid foods be introduced to infants?
4-6 months, when extrusion reflex is extinguished
In what order should solid foods be introduced?
Cereal/oatmeal/rice -> veggies -> fruits
Why should you introduce one new food at a time for every 3-5 days?
To check & know what caused an allergy if there is a reaction
How’s infant’s eyesight at birth?
Nearsighted
When do infants have full-color vision?
By 7 months
How’s infant’s hearing?
As acute as an adult. They can recognize caregiver’s voice by 1 month
How’s infant’s taste/smell?
They can differentiate taste and smell of breastmilk by day 7. Prefers sweet taste
Erickson’s psychosocial development stage in infants
Trust vs. Mistrust
What are some primitive reflexes?
Sucking, rooting, stepping, fencing, startle, palmer/plantar grasp, babinski
How do you know if infant has healthy neurological system?
If they have both primitive and protective reflexes
Language development in infants
Coos at 3 months, Babbles at 6 months
How many words are in infant’s vocabulary by 12 months?
3-5 words
When can infants control their head and roll back to side?
4 months; gross motor
When can infants roll front to back?
6 months; gross motor
When can infants start to sit unsupported?
9 months; gross motor
When can infants start to sit from standing and walk with 1 hand or independently?
12 months; gross motor
When does crude pincer grasp develop?
9 months
When the infant can turn pages of the book, self feed with spoon, and use a cup, we know they are around
12 months
Piaget’s stage in infants
Sensorimotor
What is Piaget’s major task in infants?
Object permanence; separation anxiety
When does object permanence develop?
8 month
What are some age-appropriate activities in infants?
Solitary play; mirrors, soft stuffed toys, large blocks/balls, rattles, mobils
What’s the age range of toddlers?
1-3 years
What kind of playstyle do toddlers do?
Parallel play; they might be in a same area, but does not share toys. They have their own projects
What are some age-appropriate toys for toddlers?
Large blocks, balls, crayons, puzzles, push-pull toys, finger paint
Erikson’s psychosocial theory in toddlers
Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
What’s the normal weight parameter in toddlers?
4 times the birth weight by 30 months
What’s the normal height parameter in toddlers?
Grows about 3 inches per year; reaches half of their adult height by 2 years
What’s the normal head circumference parameter in toddlers?
Equal to chest, gets more proportional by age 3
What development allows toddlers to start potty train?
Myelination of brain and spinal cord; by 2-3 years of age
What are some major characteristics of Erikson’s theory in toddlers?
Independence, negativism, egocentrism, ritualism, regression, temper tantrum
Why are toddlers egocentric?
They are unable to see things from perspectives of others
Why does regression happen?
Due to stressors; they might be potty trained and been doing well but if they are in the hospital, where it’s a big stress for them, they might start peeing and pooping everywhere
What Piaget stage do toddlers fall into?
Sensorimotor - Preoperational
What’s symbolic thought?
Make mental representations of objects in the world around them
Ex. broom = horse
What are the 2 language development characteristics in toddlers?
Echolalia (repeat what others say), telegraphic speech (2 words)
When does separation anxiety reemerge?
Between 18-24 months
When do you start weaning off of breastfeeding, bottles, and no-spill sippy cups?
12-15 months
What are the nutritional needs of toddlers?
3 full meals and 2 snacks; iron supplements
Why is iron-deficiency anemia common in toddlers?
Because they are weaning from formula and they are picky eaters
What is a food jag?
When toddlers prefer certain foods for a period of time then not wanting for another time
How does ritualism play in nutrition?
Some toddlers will not eat if they don’t have same dish, cup, or spoon
What’s a transitional object?
Object to provide security and comfort when in stressful environment
When should toddlers have all 20 baby teeth?
30 months
What does DANGERS stand for when it comes to toddler safety?
Drowning
Auto accidents
Nose dives
Getting burned
Eating toxins
Revolvers/Rifles
Suffocate/choke
Until when should toddlers be in back seat facing rear?
age 2
What should you do if your car does not have a back seat?
Disable airbag
When can toddlers sit forward-facing in the car?
After 2 years, but still needs to be in the back seat
What’s the age range of preschoolers?
3-6 years
What are some common fears that preschoolers have?
Dark, monsters, hospitalizations, bugs, etc
Why is fear a big thing in preschoolers?
Due to vivid imagination; animism
What Piaget stage are preschoolers in?
Preoperational (preconceptual - intuitive)
What are the major concepts of Piaget’s stage in preschoolers?
Magical thinking, imaginary friend, animism, being able to tell time in relation to daily activities
What’s magical thinking?
Believe thoughts are all powerful; certain actions they take will influence the world.
Ex. pink blanket keeps monsters away
What’s a good example of animism?
Toy story
What Erikson stage are preschoolers in?
Initiative vs. Guilt; explore/criticism. “Am I good or bad?”
What kind of play do preschoolers do?
Associative. Begins to share but have separate goals
Ex. playing with legos but ones making a house and other is making a car
What are some age-appropriate toys/activities for preschoolers?
Pretend play, arts and crafts (imagination), books, puzzles, dress up; anything with imagination
How can you provide atraumatic care to preschoolers?
Allow choices, demonstrate on dolls, simple, concrete terms, make a story while doing examinations
How many words will preschoolers have in their vocabulary?
about 2000 words; can speak 5-word sentences that are complex and descriptive
Characteristic of preschooler’s speech
Elaborate, great pretenders due to imaginations
What’s the problem with preschoolers fearing hospitalizations?
They might think it’s a punishment; reassurance and honesty is important
Because major language development occurs during preschool age, language delay may indicate
Presence of underlying problems like cognitive, auditory, etc.
How many hours does preschooler shouldsleep?
about 12 hours; infrequent naps
What is the biggest problem with fears and sleep schedule?
They might resist bedtime due to nightmares; it’s important to continue bedtime rituals
At what age do kids start to lose baby teeth?
Around 5-6 years
How frequent should dental visits be?
Every 6 months
What Piaget’s stage are school-agers in?
Concrete operations
What age range are school-ager in?
6-12 years
What are some Piaget’s major tasks in school-age?
Concrete thinking, principle of conservaation, reversibility, classify and sort objects, tell time
In what Erikson stage are school-age in?
Industry vs. Inferiority; social skills/competency
What are some physical developmental concerns in school-age?
Hearing deficits, sight, learning/speech difficulties
Now in school, they have something to compare to (grades). Deficits become more obvious because they can’t see the board, hear the teacher, poor grade
What are some overall developmental concerns in school-age?
Bullying, school refusal, media (tv, games, etc.) and substances (tobacco/alcohol)
What physical changes occur during school-age?
Diaphragmic breathing from abdominal breathing, frontal sinus develop at 7, brain growth complete by age 10, development of secondary sex characteristics
What type of play to school-age do?
Cooperative
What are some age-appropriate activities for school-age?
Sports, simple models, boardgames, action figures
How does peer relationship look like in school-age?
Peer pressure, clubs, bffs, bullies. feeling accepted is important
What is the nutritional needs for school-age?
Need decreased calories but appetite increases
Calcium intake to maintain bone growth
What does HEAVY stand for in regards to obesity risk?
High caloric diet
Exercise lacking
Accessibility to health foods limited
View food as a way to deal with stress
Your genetics and family dynamics
How can you manage/prevent obesity in school-age?
It should be a family effort and replace junk food with creative health food
When do you screen for scoliosis?
During school age; before and during growth spurts
What should you do when caring for adolescent patient?
Respect privacy, clear, honest communication, let them socialize with friends, promote independence, let them be part of decision making
What Erikson’s stage are adolescents in?
Identity vs. Role Confusion
What Piaget stage are adolescents in?
Formal operations; abstract thinking and invincibility
What health promotion education is important in adolescents?
Sexual health; STI prevention, contraceptions, dating violence
What’s the leading cause of death in adolescents?
Unintentional injury; MVC is #1 and Poisoning is #2
What’s the 2nd leading cause of death in adolescents?
Suicide
When does puberty occur in girls?
Age 9-10
When does puberty occur in boys?
Age 10-11
When do growth plates start to close?
Release of sex hormones
What are some puberty hormones?
GnRH, FSH, LH
How does puberty hormones relate to each other?
GnRH stimulates the release of FSH and LH. Increased LH leads ovulation in girls and mature testicles and testosterone production in boys
What hormone stimulate sperm production?
FSH and LH
What’s the order of maturation in girls?
Breast development -> pubic hair -> armpit hair -> menstruation
What’s the order of maturation in boys?
Testicle enlargement -> pubic hair -> penile enlargement -> armpit hair -> facial hair -> vocal change
What’s the caloric needs for adolescents?
Average of 2000 calories
What are some supplements adolescents need?
Calcium (1300mg/day) and Iron (11mg/day in male, 15mg/day in female)
Blood volume and lung capacity is greater in
Boys than girls
What’s one physical development difference between girls and boys?
Fat deposits increase in girls, muscle mass increases in boys
