PEDS Chapter 27: Growth and Development of the Preschooler (Power Point) Flashcards
Which ages encompass the preschool period ?
?
Average growth of __ to __ inches per year.
2.5 to 3
Average weight gain around __ pounds per year.
5
Loss of ___ ___ and growth of ___.
baby fat; muscle
_____ of skull increases slightly; lower jaw more ____ ; upper jaw ____.
length; pronounced; widens
Expected Gross Motor Skills for 4 yrs old:
Throws ball overhand. Kicks ball forward. Catches bounced ball. Hops on one foot. Stands on one foot up to 5 seconds. Alternates feet going up and down steps. Moves backward and forward with agility.
Expected Fine Motor Skills for 4 yrs old:
Uses scissors successfully. Copies capital letters. Draws circles and squares. Traces a cross or diamond. Draws a person with two to four body parts. Laces shoes.
Expected Gross Motor Skills for 5 yrs old:
Stands on one foot 10 seconds or longer. Swings and climbs well. May skip. Somersaults. May learn to skate and swim.
Expected Gross Fine Skills for 5 yrs old:
Prints some letters.
Draws person with body and at least six parts.
Dresses/ undresses without assistance.
Can learn to tie the laces.
Uses fork, spoon, and knife (supervised) well.
Copies triangle and other geometric patterns.
Mostly cares for own toileting needs.
The nurse is assessing a 4-year-old for gross motor skill development. Which of the following would the nurse expect this preschooler to have accomplished?
a. hopping on one foot b. standing on one foot for 10 seconds c. skipping d. swimming
a. hopping on one foot. The 4-year-old should be able to hop on one foot.
Rationale: At age 4, the preschooler hops on one foot and stands on one foot up to 5 seconds. At 5 years old the preschooler stands on one foot for 10 seconds, may skip, and may learn to skate and swim.
_____ of the spinal cord allows for bowel and bladder control to be complete; small intestine grows in length.
Myelination
Respiratory structures continue to grow in size; number of ___ increase.
alveoli
Eustachian tubes remain ___ and ____.
short; straight.
So pull ear down and back to administer drops.
Heart rate _____; blood pressure ____ slightly; innocent heart ____ may be heard.
deceases; increases;
murmur
___ deciduous teeth should be present.
20
____ remains short in children, making them susceptible to urinary tract infections.
Urethra.
So don’t use bubble bath.
Bones increase in ___ and muscles ___ and mature.
length; strengthen
In Erikson’s stage of development: Initiative vs. Guilt–
Preschooler is an ___ and ___ learner.
Feels sense of ____ by succeeding in activities.
Feeling pride in accomplishment stimulates _____.
Overextending self can result in sense of ____.
inquisitive and enthusiastic;
accomplishment;
initiative;
guilt.
_____ (conscious development) is completed and is basis for moral development.
Superego
Social Skills Developed by the Preschooler:
Cooperation Sharing (of things and feelings) Kindness Generosity Affection display Conversation Expression of feelings Helping others Making friends
Emotional and Social Development of the Preschooler:
Friendships
Preschoolers learn how to make and keep a friend.
Emotional and Social Development of the Preschooler:
Temperament
Indicator of parent’s expectation of child’s behavior.
Determines child’s task orientation, social flexibility, and reactivity.
Emotional and Social Development of the Preschooler:
Fears
Preschoolers exhibit variety of fears.
Parents should acknowledge child’s fears.
Cognitive Development of the Preschooler:
Magical thinking
Believes thoughts are all-powerful
Cognitive Development of the Preschooler:
Imaginary friend
Creative way to sample activities and behaviors and practice conversation skills
Cognitive Development of the Preschooler:
Transduction
Extrapolates from one situation to another
Cognitive Development of the Preschooler:
Animism
Attributes life-like qualities to inanimate objects
Communication Skills in the Preschool Child: 4 yrs
?
Communication Skills in the Preschool Child: 5 yrs
?
Sample Nursing Diagnoses for Issues Related to Growth and Development:
Delayed growth and development Imbalanced nutrition, less than body requirements Interrupted family processes Readiness for enhanced parenting Risk for caregiver role strain Risk for delayed development Risk for disproportionate growth Risk for injury
Issues Involved in Promoting Growth and Development of the Preschooler:
Building self-esteem.
Maintaining routine and ritual.
Setting limits and remaining consistent with them.
Knowing signs of developmental delay.
Signs of developmental delay: 4yrs
?
Signs of developmental delay: 5yrs
?
The nurse is assessing a 5-year-old child for signs of developmental delay. Which of the following would alert the nurse to a potential problem?
a. the child can build a tower of six blocks b. the child does not play with other children c. the child engages in fantasy play d. the child separates from parent easily
b. the child does not play with other children. This is a sign of a potential developmental delay.
Rationale: Signs of developmental delay in preschool-age children include not playing with other children, not being able to build a block tower of six to eight blocks, not engaging in fantasy play, and not separating from the parent without major protest.
Focus of Nursing Care Plan to Promote Growth and Development of Preschooler:
Promoting growth through play Promoting early learning Promoting language development Choosing a preschool/starting kindergarten Promoting safety Promoting nutrition Promoting healthy sleep and rest Promoting appropriate discipline
Immunization:
page from book
Is the following statement true or false?
The nurse should recommend that parents of a 3- to 5-year-old receive 500 to 800 mg calcium and 10 mg iron daily.
True. The preschool child needs 500 to 800 mg calcium and 10 mg iron daily.
Rationale: Preschool children need 500 to 800 mg calcium and 10 mg iron daily. Parents should be aware that drinking excess amounts of milk may lead to iron deficiency as the calcium in milk blocks iron absorption.
Daily Nutritional Requirements of the Preschooler:
___ to ___ mg calcium
500 to 800 mg
Daily Nutritional Requirements of the Preschooler:
___ mg iron
10
Daily Nutritional Requirements of the Preschooler:
___ mg fiber
19
Daily Nutritional Requirements of the Preschooler:
Fat intake no less than ___ and no more than ___ daily calories
20% ; 30%
Daily Nutritional Requirements of the Preschooler:
Saturated fats less than ___
10%
Daily Nutritional Requirements of the Preschooler:
Diet high in ___ foods
Limited amounts of poor, high-calorie foods.
nutrient-rich
Risks of Overweight and Obesity:
Hypertension
Hyperlipidemia
Insulin resistance
Developmental Issues for Preschoolers:
L—–
S—– E—–
M—–
Lying
Sex Education
Masturbation
Tell whether the following statement is true or false.
The nurse is counseling parents of a 5-year-old who are concerned that their child is masturbating. The recommended intervention for this situation is to advise parents to discourage their child from this practice using firm discipline.
False. The recommended intervention for a 5-year-old child who is masturbating is to treat it in a matter-of-fact way, making sure the child knows nudity and masturbation are not acceptable in public.
Rationale: If parents overreact to this behavior, it may occur more frequently. The child should also be taught that no other person can touch his or her private parts.
Focus of Health Care Visits Throughout Childhood:
Expected ___ and ____
Anticipatory ____
Preparation for ___ ___
Expected growth and development
Anticipatory guidance
Preparation for school entry
