PEDS Chapter 26: Growth and Development of the Toddler (Power Point) Flashcards
What age encompasses toddlerhood?
1- 3 yrs old
Height and weight increase steadily in spurts at a ______ rate than the infant.
slower
Reach half of adult height by age___.
2
Average weight gain is ___ to____ lbs per year.
3 to 5
Anterior fontanels close by ____ months.
18
Head size more proportional to body by age ___.
3
At ___ months, toddler should weigh 4x birth weight.
30
Neurologic system:
Brain reaches about 80% of size by age ____.
3
Respiratory system:
Alveoli increase in number until age ____; trachea and airways small compared to adult.
7
Cardiovascular system:
Heart rate ______; blood pressure _____.
decreases; increases
PIAGET
- sensorimotor
- object permanence is fully developed.
Have memories that relate to theme
Domestic mimicry (play house)
Preoperational thought- does not understand viewpoints of others can symbolize objects and imitate previously seen activities.
Erickson
autonomy versus shame and doubt
Freud
anal stage, sense of pleasure
The nurse praises a 3-year-old child for using the potty. Which of the following theorists focuses on the satisfaction/frustration of expelling feces?
a. Piaget b. Freud c. Erickson d. Kohlberg
b. Freud
Gross motor skills
Include running, climbing, jumping, pushing or pulling a toy, throwing a ball, and pedaling a tricycle
Fine motor skills
Progress from holding and pinching to the ability to manage utensils, hold a crayon, string a bead, and use a computer
When should the toddler be able to walk up and downstairs? A. 15 months B. 18 months C. 2 years D. 3 years
C. 2 years
Receptive language development: the ability to understand what is being said or asked
Typically far more advanced than expressive language development (ability to communicate desires and feelings)
Echolalia
repetition of words and phrases without understanding
Telegraphic speech
speech that contains only the essential words to get the point across
Separation
Seeing oneself as separate from the parent
Individuation
Forming a sense of self and learning to control one’s environment leads to emotional lability.
Egocentrism
Focus on self
May rely on a ____ item.
security
Becomes aware of _____ differences.
gender
May display ______ behaviors.
aggressive
May show fear of loss of _____ and of______.
parents; strangers
Becomes more self-aware; does not have clear body boundaries.
Separation anxiety may reoccur.
May resist invasive procedures.
Gastrointestinal system:
Stomach increases in size; small intestine grows in length; stool passage _______.
decreases
Genitourinary system:
Bladder and kidney reach adult function by__ to __ months.
16 to 24
Genitourinary system:
Bladder capacity _____; urethra remains ______.
increases; short
Musculoskeletal system:
Bones increase in length; muscle matures; swayback and pot belly appear due to weak muscles until ___ years old.
3
____ is the major socializing medium for toddlers.
Play
Developmental screening test for toddlers:
Denver II
Toddlers need _____ minutes of structured physical activity and____ to ____hours of unstructured physical activity per day.
30 minutes; 1 to 3 hours
Parents should limit ___ and encourage ____ _____ play instead.
TV; creative physical
Toddlers engage in _____ play (playing alongside another child) instead of ____ play.
parallel; cooperative
Toddlers are egocentric and do not like to ______.
share
The short attention span of toddlers will make them ____ _____ frequently.
change toys
Toddlers do not need _____ toys.
expensive
______ play evolves into ______ play.
solitary; parallel
Is the following statement true or false?
The best type of toys for toddlers are store-bought interactive electronic toys.
False
Provide a ____ environment.
childproof
Use a safe car seat in ____ of car.
back
Provide a safe ____ environment.
home
Avoid exposure to ____ smoke.
tobacco
Prevent i—–.
injury
Prevent p——.
poisoning
___-month-old: 13.5 hours of sleep per day
18
___-month-old: 13 hours of sleep per day
24
___-year-old: 12 hours of sleep per day
3
A typical toddler should sleep through the night and take ___ daytime nap.
1
Most children discontinue daytime napping at around ____ years of age.
3
Dietary fiber:
applesauce, carrots, corn, green beans, mangos, pears
Folate:
avocados, broccoli, green peas, oranges, spinach and dark greens, strawberries
Vitamin A:
apricots, cantaloupe, carrots, mangos, spinach and dark greens, sweet potatoes
Vitamin C:
broccoli, cantaloupe, green peas, oranges, potatoes, strawberries, tomatoes
The nurse is planning a diet for a toddler that is rich in vitamin A. Which of the following foods might the nurse include?
a. avocados b. corn c. strawberries d. spinach
D. Spinach. Spinach is rich in vitamin A
Rationale: Avocados are rich in folate, corn is rich in fiber, and strawberries are rich in vitamin C. Other foods rich in vitamin A include apricots, cantaloupe, carrots, mangos, dark greens, and sweet potatoes.
Use a ____ spoon and fork with ____ tines.
child-sized; dull
Seat the toddler in a _____ or at a comfortable height in a secure chair
high chair
Never leave the toddler unattended while ____.
eating
Minimize _____ during mealtime.
distractions
Common Developmental Concerns of the Toddler:
Toilet teaching Negativism Temper tantrums Thumb sucking and pacifiers Sibling rivalry Aggression
Signs a Toddler Is Ready for Toilet Teaching:
Regular bowel movement
Expresses knowledge of need to defecate or urinate
The diaper is not always wet.
The toddler is willing to follow instructions.
The toddler walks well alone and can pull down pants.
The toddler follows caregiver to bathroom.
The toddler climbs onto potty chair or toilet.
Teaching Strategies to Minimize Issues With Sibling Rivalry:
Attempt to keep the toddler’s routine as close to normal as possible.
Spend individual time with the toddler on a daily basis.
Involve the toddler in the care of the baby.
Focus of Discipline for the Toddler:
Limit setting
Negotiation
Techniques to assist the toddler to learn problem solving.
Guidelines for Choosing a Preschool for a Toddler:
Parents agree with goals and an overall philosophy.
Teachers and assistants are trained in early childhood development as well as CPR.
Classes are small with an appropriate adult-to-child ratio.
Disciplinary procedures are consistent with the parents’ values.
Parents are able to visit at any time.
School is childproofed inside and out.
Appropriate hygiene procedures are in place.
Immunizations before preschool:
p. 1067 Hep B D-tap Hip B Meningeal coccal MMR (Look at that page)
