Pediatrics: Review of Eye, Ears, Nose, Throat and Respiratory Disorders Flashcards
Blepharitis tx ?
Gentle lid scrubs
Warm compresses
Ophthalmic antibiotic ointment
Erythromycin OR
Bacitracin
Hordeolum tx ?
Gentle lid scrubs
Warm compresses
Ophthalmic antibiotic ointment
Erythromycin OR
Bacitracin
consider - I/D
Chalazion tx ?
Gentle lid scrubs
Warm compresses
Ophthalmic antibiotic ointment
Erythromycin OR
Bacitracin
consider - I/D
Allergic conjunctivitis sxs ?
Lacrimation Sneezing Cobblestoning Stringy discharge Pruritus Rhinorrhea ass. UR allergies as well
Allergic conjunctivitis tx. ?
remove source
Ophthalmic antihistamines (olaptadine)
Ophthalmic mast cell stabilizers (ketotifen)
Ophthalmic NSAID (ketorolac)
corticosteroids (prednisolone)
Ophthalmic antihistamines ?
olaptadine
Ophthalmic mast cell stabilizers ?
ketotifen
Ophthalmic NSAID ?
ketorolac
Viral conjunctivitis sxs. ?
Watery discharge
Preauricular lymphadenopathy
URI symptoms
Viral conjunctivitis herepes sxs. ?
Vesicular rash
Keratitis– corneal involvement
Visual disturbance
Viral conjunctivitis tx. ?
Supportive
Hand washing! - cause they are contagious
Viral conjunctivitis herepes tx. ?
Ophthalmic trifluridine OR
Oral acyclovir
Bacterial conjunctivitis tx ?
Ophthalmic antibiotics
Macrolide (erythromycin)
Aminoglycoside (gentamicin)
Sulfacetamide
Polymixin-bacitracin
If due to pseudomonas
Fluoroquinolone (ofloxacin)
Periorbital cellulitis ?
Warm compresses
Oral antibiotics - Augmentin
keep eye on they as out patient
Orbital cellulitis ?
IV antibiotics - Unasyn
Ophthalmology STAT referral
admit
Consider adding
Clindamycin
Metronidazole
Amblyopia tx ?
Earlier treatment improves outcome
Refractive– glasses
Cataracts– early removal
Amblyopia unilateral tx. ?
Make correction early
Patch dominant eye
Strabismus tx. ?
Congenital– surgery
cataracts then remove then and male the EOM intoaligment
Accommodative– glasses
Unilateral
Patch dominant eye
Retinoblastoma tx. ?
Chemoreduction
Then local options
- laser photocoagulation
- cryotherapy
- plaque radiotherapy
- thermotherapy
Otitis externa pathogens ?
Staph aureus
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Otitis externa tx. ?
Remove debris if present ( for drops to be absorbed better)
Otic antibiotics
- Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin)
- –With or without hydrocortisone
Consider
Neomycin, bacitracin, polymyxin B and hydrocortisone (Cortisporin)
If complicated (perichondritis/ fever) Oral quinolone (ciprofloxacin)
Acute Otitis Media (AOM) pathogens ?
Strep pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Otitis media tx. ?
Amoxicillin
If failure in 48-72 hrs
Amoxicillin-clavulanate OR
Cephalosporins (cefuroxime, cefdinir)
Observation option
Watch 48-72 hours for improvement
If recurrent Tympanostomy tubes ( refer to ENT )
Mastoiditis tx. ?
piperacillin/tazobactam
Surgical debridement if
Abscess
No improvement within 48 hours
Epistaxis tx. ?
Lean forward and hold nose 5 min
Consider
- Vasoconstrictors (oxymetazoline)
- Nasal saline twice daily - keep mucosa moist
- Gelatin sponge (Gelfoam)
Nasal foreign body tx. ?
Nose blowing
Forceps removal
Allergic rhinitis tx. education ?
Remove source
Saline spray may irrigate
Allergic rhinitis tx. intranasal corticosteroids ?
Fluticasone
Allergic rhinitis tx. oral and intranasal antihistamines ?
Loratadine (Claritin) oral
Olopatadine (Patanase) nasal
Allergic rhinitis tx. leukotriene antagonists ?
Montelukast (Singulair)
Allergic rhinitis tx. Decongestants ?
Guaifenesin
Viral upper respiratory infection tx. ?
Pain medication
Humidified air
Nasal saline
Consider
Cough suppressants
Bacterial sinusitis 1st line ?
Amoxicillin high dose (40 mg/kg is average, 90 mg/kg is high does) OR
Amoxicillin-clavulanate
SEVERE, if they in daycare or they have been on ABS for something els e
Bacterial sinusitis 2nd line ?
Cephalosporin (cefuroxime, cefdinir)
Clindamycin
Levofloxacin
Strep pharyngitis centor criteria ?
Fever
Tonsillar exudates
Tender anterior cervical lymphadenopathy
Absence of cough
in this case there is not testing
Strep pharyngitis tx. 1st line ?
Penicillin VK oral OR
Benzathine penicillin IM 600,000 units OR
Amoxicillin oral
Strep pharyngitis Tx if PCN allergic ?
Clindamycin
Cephalexin
Azithromycin
Mononucleosis tx. ?
Supportive care
Avoid contact sports
Epiglottitis (Supraglottitis) tx. ?
AIRWAY FIRST!
Consider intubation
Do not delay for testing
Antibiotics
3rd generation cephalosporin (Ceftriaxone)
Croup (Laryngeotracheobronchitis) tx. home ?
Steaming bathroom
Cold weather exposure
Oral hydration
Croup (Laryngeotracheobronchitis) tx. mild ?
Humidified oxygen
Croup (Laryngeotracheobronchitis) tx. more significant ?
Racemic epinephrine nebulized
Dexamethasone IM/ oral
Croup (Laryngeotracheobronchitis) tx. severe or persistent ?
Consider heliox
Consider intubation
Admit to hospital
Bacterial tracheitis (pseudomembranous croup) tx. ?
Intubation
Debridement of airway
-with Suctioning
IV antibiotics
Need staph and h flu coverage
3rd generation cephalosporins (Ceftriaxone)
Pertussis (Whooping cough) tx. prevention ?
DTaP immunizations
Herd immunity for infants
Pertussis (Whooping cough) tx. ?
azithromycin
consider: CCS, nebulizer
Laryngomalacia H and P ?
At birth or within the first few months of life.
Intermittent, high-pitched, inspiratory stridor.
Worse supine and with activity
Laryngomalacia tx. ?
Mild
Observation
Moderate-Severe
Surgical epiglottoplasty
Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Hyaline membrane disease) tx. ?
Prevention
-Maternal glucocorticoids
Exogenous surfactant
-Can initiate in delivery room
Synchronized mandatory ventilation
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia tx. ?
Ventilation
Surfactant
Asthma common sxs. ?
Wheezing
Expiratory
Higher pitch if worse
recurrent cough shortness of breath "chest congestion" prolonged cough exercise intolerance Dyspnea
Asthma severe sxs. ?
No lung sounds
Nasal flaring
Accessory muscle use
Asthma spirometry ?
Lower FEV1 and FEV1/FVC
Improvement with bronchodilator
Asthma CXR ?
Nonspecific, unless additional pneumonia
Hyperinflation (flattening of the diaphragms), peribronchial thickening
Bronchiolitis H and P ?
Coughing Tachypnea Labored breathing Hypoxia Irritability Poor feeding Vomiting Wheezing and crackles
Bronchiolitis tx. ?
Suction
Supplemental oxygen
Hydration
Bronchiolitis severe ?
Ribavarin
Bronchiolitis prevention ?
Palivizumab
Cystic fibrosis H and P ?
Recurrent lung problems
Cough
With sputum
Infertility
Pancreatitis hx
Steatorrhea
Abd pain
Finger clubbing
Increased AP chest ( these kids are more 2:1)
Percussion hyperresonance
Nasal polyps
Cystic fibrosis tx. ?
Clear secretions
Bronchodilators
Pancreatic enzymes replace
Consider as needed
- Treat infections
- Screen yearly for acid fast bacilli sputum (TB)
- Lung transplant
Foreign body of trachea or bronchi prevention ?
Avoid small toys with children
Careful with foods – grapes, carrot pieces
Foreign body of trachea or bronchi acutely ?
Heimlich maneuver
Bronchoscopy
Foreign body of trachea or bronchi PNA ?
IV antibiotics
Foreign body aspiration patient education ?
Carefully watch children
Avoid small toys with children
Foreign body aspiration acutely ?
Heimlich maneuver
Foreign body aspiration if unable to remove ?
Bronchoscopy
Foreign body aspiration gastric aspiration ?
Abx only if evidence of pneumonia (only 1/4th of cases)
Controversial on benefit of steroids
Pneumonia H and P ?
Fever
Cough
Wheezing
Crackles
PNA CXR typical ?
Lobar infiltrate (strep pneumo)
PNA CXR atypical ?
Diffuse bilateral (mycoplasma)
PNA typical tx. ?
Amoxicillin OR
Ceftriaxone
PNA atypical tx. mycoplasma ?
Macrolide antibiotics (azithromycin)
PNA atypical tx.
Ribavarin