pediatrics

Question 1

Heart rate/pulse across age

Answer 1

Decreases with age; neonates have fastest pulse; find brachial pulse in infants and radial pulse in children

Question 2

Blood pressure across age

Answer 2

Increases with age

Question 3

Respiratory rate

Answer 3

Decreases with age

Question 4

Primary assessment

Answer 4

ABC’s, pediatric assessment triangle, AVPU

Question 5

Pediatric Assessment Triangle (PAT)

Answer 5

method to quickly get a general impression/identify a sick child; 3 sides: Appearance TICLS- look at muscle tone, interactiveness, consolability, look/gaze, speech/cry; Work of Breathing, Circulation of Skin (look for cynosis, mottled skin, pallor (unhealthy, pale skin)

Question 6

Respiratory distress

Answer 6

normal appearance, abnormal work of breathing, normal circulation to skin

Question 7

Respiratory failure

Answer 7

abnormal appearance, abnormal work of breathing, normal or abnormal circulation; either the respiratory rate or tidal volume is inadequate

Question 8

compensated shock

Answer 8

normal appearance, normal work of breathing, abnormal circulation

Question 9

uncompensated shock

Answer 9

abnormal appearance, normal or abnormal breathing, abnormal circulation

Question 10

Poor brain perfusion/brain injury

Answer 10

abnormal appearance, abnormal work of breathing, abnormal circulation

Question 11

Pediatric Glasgow Coma Sclale

Answer 11

Eye opening (to various commands), Motor Response, and Verbal response- each of the 3 categories gets a score; scale used is similar to AVPU

Question 12

Airway and respiratory problems in pediatrics

Answer 12

airway/ventilation is most important- greatest cause of mortality; compensatory mechanisms for respiratory distress work at maximum until exhausted, then rapid deterioration; look for increased resp. rate, nasal flaring, use of neck or accessory muscles, audible breathing noises; encourage child/infant to cough if airway obstruction, give oxygen

Question 13

respiratory arrest

Answer 13

resp. rate of less than 10 per minute or no breathing at all; abnormal appearance (unresponsive, limp), abnormal work of breathing (decreased, not breathing), abnormal circulation

Question 14

mild foreign body obstruction

Answer 14

encourage infant/child to cough, have them sit in comfortable position, NO intervention to remove mild obstruction, provide oxygen

Question 15

severe airway obstruction

Answer 15

unable to cough/make sound; place in prone position and provide 5 back slaps between shoulders, then flip to supine position and 5 chest thrusts using two fingers; repeat until obstruction removed or unconscious

Question 16

airway obstruction in unconscious infant

Answer 16

open the airway, look in mouth for object, 2 breaths, then CPR; every 30 compressions look in airway for dislodged object

Question 17

child with severe airway obstruction

Answer 17

perform the Heimlich until object removed or child unconscious; if unconscious, perform CPR and look in airway in between compression sets

Question 18

Croup

Answer 18

infection of upper airway (larynx, trachea, bronchi) caused by bacteria or virus; swelling beneath the glottis, swelling/narrowing of airway makes it hard to breathe; stridor, hoarseness, fever, cough; hydration and give oxygen

Question 19

Bronchiolitis

Answer 19

causes by a virus; the bronchioles get inflamed; wheezing when exhaling

Question 20

Shock indications in children

Answer 20

Systolic BP<70, tachycardia, cool skin

Question 21

epiglottitis

Answer 21

inflammation of the epiglottis, caused by bacterial infection, rapid onset; symptoms: fever, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), stridor; can lead to total airway obstruction- give oxygen/ventilation

Question 22

major upper airway diseases

Answer 22

croup, epiglottitis, choking

Question 23

major lower airway diseases

Answer 23

pneumonia, asthma, bronchiolitis; reduce stress, give O2