GI emergencies Flashcards

1
Q

Peritoneum

A

lining of the abdominal cavity; 2 layers: visceral (inner) and parietal (outer)

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2
Q

visceral abdominal pain

A

involves the organ itself; less severe, poorly localized, dull, aching pain

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3
Q

parietal pain

A

irritation of the peritoneal lining; more localized pain, sharp, severe

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4
Q

referred pain

A

visceral pain that is felt somewhere else in the body, different from the organ where the problem is

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5
Q

peritonitis

A

irritation or inflammation of the peritoneum, due to chemical substances leaking into paritoneal cavity; causes abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea; can do Markle test (stand on toes and then land hard on heels- will cause abdominal pain)

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6
Q

appendicitis

A

inflammation of appendix which may lead to rupture if untreated; symptoms: abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting, positive Markle test/peritonitis

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7
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of pancreas

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8
Q

cholecystitis

A

inflammation of the gall bladder, commonly associated with presence of gall stones; pain in right upper quadrant; 5 F’s for gall stones: female, fat, fair, forty, fertile

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9
Q

esophageal varices

A

bulging or weakening of vessels in the lining of lower esophagus; often seen in alcoholics; symptoms: vomiting blood

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10
Q

gastroenteritis

A

inflammation of small intestines and stomach; often due to infection; vomiting and diarrhea; need to treat dehydration

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11
Q

bowel obstruction

A

can be in large or small intestines; must give treatment right away or could lead to sepsis or shock

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12
Q

hernia

A

a portion of small intestine shifts outside the abdominal wall due to a lining weakness

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13
Q

kidney stones

A

renal calculi, originate in kidneys and must pass through the rest of urinary tract

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14
Q

kidney failure

A

acute KF is usually reversible; chronic KF patients require dialysis in order to filter out water and waste products from blood

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15
Q

involuntary guarding

A

also called rigidity; patient’s abdominal muscles contract and tighten up

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16
Q

thermoregulation

A

largely controlled by hypothalamus; metabolism generates heat, CNS can release hormones to increase metabolic rate; brain sets body’s thermostat; cardiovascular system can increase CO to cool body bc moves heated blood from core to extremities (vessels dilate) and heat is lost through the skin; to raise body temp, blood vessels constrict to conserve body heat

17
Q

cold emergencies

A

body will increase metabolic rate to generate heat; vasoconstriction to reduce heat loss; shivering

18
Q

management of hypothermia

A

reduce heat loss, start CPR until patient is rewarmed, ventilation, supplemental oxygen

19
Q

superficial frostbite

A

caused by freezing of water in upper skin layers, blisters, may appear blue

20
Q

deep frostbite

A

extends deep below the skin; skin is hard and white, eventually can turn black; place in hot water to rewarm; do not massage infected area or break blisters, give supplemental oxygen

21
Q

heat stroke

A

complete failure of thermoregulatory system; extreme core heat causes cell damage and AMS; hypotension, seizures