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Summer 2014 - ABD 2 ✔️ > Pediatrics > Flashcards

Pediatrics Flashcards

0
Q

what is an infant’s age range

A

one month to two years

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1
Q

what is a neonate’s age range

A

birth to one month

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2
Q

what is children age range

A

two to twelve years

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3
Q

what is adolescent age range

A

twelve to sixteen years

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4
Q

exam prep for pediatrics

A

trust of the patient and the parents

distracting devices

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5
Q

describe jaundice

A

MOST COMMON indication for imaging the biliary tree

CONGENITAL

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6
Q

during the first few weeks of life, many neonates experience _______ jaundice

A

transient

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7
Q

if the neonate has jaundice that persists beyond ____ wks after delivery, an US may be ordered

A

2 wks

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8
Q

what are the 3 most common causes for jaundice

A

choledochal cyst

biliary atresia

hepatitis

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9
Q

where can extrahepatic obstruction jaundice come from

A

choledochal cyst
biliary atresia
perforation of the ducts

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10
Q

where can intrahepatic obstruction (hepatocellular) jaundice come from

A

hepatitis

metabolic disease

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11
Q

clinical symptoms of choledochal cyst

A

palpable mass
weight loss
jaundice and pain

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12
Q

what is a choledochal cyst

A

abn cystic dilatation of the biliary tree

looks like a cyst but is not a cyst

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13
Q

types of choledochal cyst

A

fusiform dilatation of the CBD
cystic structures communication with the ducts
dilation of the intra and extra hepatic ducts
caroli’s disease with intrahepatic duct dilation

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14
Q

what might cause hepatitis

A

metabolic
idiopathic
via vagina
catheter

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15
Q

hepatitis is asssociated with __________

A

hepatomegaly

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16
Q

hepatitis sonographically

A

increased in echogenicity

decreased visualization of vessels

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17
Q

describe biliary atresia

A

narrowing or underdevelopment of the biliary ductal system

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18
Q

clincal symptoms of biliary atresia

A 
jaundice
acholic (clay like) stools
distended abd
absent or smal GB
slight descrease in visualization of portal
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19
Q

biliary atresia will have what sign on histology

A

“triangular cord”

echogenic cord anterior to the PV - remnant of duct noted near porta hepatis

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20
Q

what is polysplenia syndrome

A

associated with biliary atresia

heart defects and situs abn’s, spleen abn’s

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21
Q

what is Kasai operation

A

associated with biliary atresia

anastomosis of liver ducts to intestine

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22
Q

biliary atresia could also be associated with ______ abn’s

A

genetic

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23
Q

what nud med test is performed for jaundice

A

hepatic scintigraphy

24
describe hemangioendothelioma
MOST COMMON benign vasc tumor in childhood hepatomegaly regresses by 12-18 mos multiple hypoechoic lesions/heterogeneous
25
describe hepatoblastoma
MOST COMMON primary malignancy in the liver in children associated with Beckwith-Widemann (autosomal - organomegaly) solid, single, large necrosis, hemorrhage, calcification palpable mass fever, weight loss
26
what is a type of abcess that occurs in children in their liver
hydatid-echinococcosis
27
renal abnormality can be detected in _____..._____ sonogram is indicated
utero postpartum - after birth
28
what do normal infantile kidney's look like
fetal lobulation - incomplete fusion medullary pyramids are large and hypoechoic cortex is thin arcuate arteries at the base of the medullary pyramids may appear echogenic
29
describe bladder outlet obstruction
bilateral hydronephrosis bladder wall thickened and trabeculated hydronephrosis and hydroureter are usually bilateral perirenal urinoma
30
what can obstruct the bladder outlet
neurogenic bladder | pelvis mass
31
what is the most common congenital anomaly that causes urethral obstructions in boys
posterior urethral valves (PUV)
32
what is PUV
posteror urethral valves "keyhole" sign - blockage in the urethra
33
describe a ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJ)
intrinsic narrowing or extrinsic vasc compression pelvocalyceal dilation without ureteral dilation
34
describe ectopic ureterocele
more frequently in females on the left ectopic insertion and cystic dilation of the ureter seen as a fluid mass within the bladder
35
describe autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) **important**
infanile bilateral renal enlargement increased echogenicity BIG, BRIGHT, BILATERAL
36
describe autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)
more common ereditary disease related to chromo 16 well defined cysts bilateral renal enlargement causes no renal impairment until adult normal bladder filling and amniotic fluid
37
describe renal vein thrombosis
severe dehydrated or septic infant hematuria, proteinuria, low platelets enlarged kidney
38
describe nephroblastoma - Wilm's tumor
MOST COMMON malignant renal tumor in children unilateral large solid - echogenic mass with calcifications eval renal vein and IVC pedi cause of HTN
39
describe neuroblastoma
malignant tumor of the adrenal glands highly echogenic metastases
40
describe adrenal hemorrhage
due to birth trauma ovoid enlargement of the gland decrease in follow up
41
describe normal adrenal glands
more easily seen in neonates superior to the upper pole of the kidney
42
describe hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
congenital obstruction of pyloris due to hypertrophy of muscles narrows the pyloric canal abn thickened muscle
43
what is the pyloric canal
stomach to duodenum
44
HPS is more prevalent in
male first born infants 2-10 weeks rarely at birth or greater than 6 mos
45
clincal findings that will be seen with HPS
bile free vomiting in an otherwise healthy infant dehydration and weight loss olive shaped mass in the RUQ - "olive sign" surgery - pyloromyotomy
46
how to image HPS
supine and RLD high frequency linear array 5-7 MHz oral feeding to facilitate imaging
47
measurements for HPS
pyloric channel length > 14-17 mm pyloric muscle thickness long axis - one wall > 3.5-4 mm pyloric diameter > 10-15 mm no peristalsis thru pylorus
48
describe appendicitis
RLQ pain and vomiting pelvic survey - localized pain right flank with a linear transducer graded compressions
49
appendicitis sonographically
outer diameter greater than 6 mm increased flow with color free fluid appendicolith - hyperechoic
50
describe intussusception
MOST COMMON acute abd disorder in early childhood - 6 mos to 2 yrs bowels prolapses into distal bowel causes obstruction higher incidence in males
51
clinical findings of intussusception
``` colicky abd pain vomiting bloody stools abd distention palpable mass ```
52
intussusception sonographically
TRV - "target" or "donut" sign LONG - "pseudokidney" or "sandwich" sign linear array - graded compressions
53
describe midgut malroatation - volvulus
failure of rotation of bowel upper GI - imaging choice sonographically - note the position of the SMA and SMV (fluid filled duodenum) ladd operation to treat malrotation
54
name the six congenital uterine/mullerian anomalies
``` agenesis unicornuate didelphys bicornuate septate DES drug related ```
55
what is mullerian anomaly class II
unicornuate uterus one mullerian duct so only half uterus is formed - rare
56
what is mullerian anomaly class III
uterus didelphys complete failure of fusion of the ducts - 2 separate ut, cx, vag widely separate endometrial cavities
57
what is mullerian anomaly class IV
bicornuate uterus MOST COMMON uterine anomaly
58
what is mullerian anomaly class V
septate uterus endometrial cavities separated by a thin member often associated with miscarriages can be treated by hysteroscopic resection

Summer 2014 - ABD 2 ✔️ (9 decks)

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