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Summer 2014 - ABD 2 ✔️ > GI Tract > Flashcards

GI Tract Flashcards

0
Q

parts of the GI tract

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intesting, and large intestine

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1
Q

GI tract is also called

A

alimentary canal

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2
Q

functions of the digestive system

A 
ingest food
digest food
secrete enzymes
absorb and breakdown food
reabsorb fluid
form and release waste
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3
Q

esophagus descends from the _____ to enter the right side of the _____

A

thorax

stomach

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4
Q

esophagus is _____ to the left lobe of the liver and the left crus of the diaphragm

A

posterior

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5
Q

the lower end of the esophagus has a circular muscle, a _____ _____, which acts as a sphincter

A

cardiac orifice

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6
Q

what is the gastroesophageal junction

A

segment of the esophagus between the diaphragm and the stomach

“bull’s eye” or “target” shape on US

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7
Q

stomach lies _____ the ribs in the left upper abdomen

A

under

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8
Q

what shape is the stomach

A

j-shaped

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9
Q

what sections does the stomach consist of

A

cardiac and phyloric orifices
lesser and greater curvatures
2 surfaces (anterior and posterior)

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10
Q

what are the parts of the stomach

A

fundus, body, pyloric antrum, and pylorus

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11
Q

folds of the stomach mucosa and submucosa are called what

A

rugae

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12
Q

the stomach secretes _____ and _____ and is an organ of _____

A

hydrochloric acid and pepsin

digestion

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13
Q

what does the small intestine do

A

digests and absorbs the food

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14
Q

size of small intestine

A

5 m long x 4 cm wide coiled tube

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15
Q

first 22 cm of small intestine is the _____

A

duodenum

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16
Q

duodenum is divided into what 4 segments

A

superior, descending, transverse, ascending

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17
Q

small intestine is divided into what 3 sections

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

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18
Q

what is mesentary of small intestine

A

projects from parietal peritoneum

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19
Q

what are villi of the small intestine

A

line inner walls, circular folds of mucous membrane

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20
Q

duodenum curves around the _____ of the pancreas

A

head

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21
Q

the duodenum begins at the _____, runs ______ to the left kidney, runs ______ to the left, and runs _____ and to the left

A

pylorus

anterior

horizontally

upward

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22
Q

_____ __ _____ ascends to the right crus and holds the duodenojejunal junction in position

A

Ligament of Treitz (duodenum section)

23
Q

_____ arises from the duodenum

A

jejunum

24
Q

_____ _____ marks the entry into the large intestine and serves as a landmark to find the appendix

A

ileocecal orifice (ileum section)

25
Q

large intestine divides into what sections

A

vermiform appendix, cecum, ascending (to hepatic flexure), transverse, and descending (to splenic flexure) colon, and rectum

26
Q

large intestine is dividied into segments called what

A

haustra

27
Q

what is a cecum

A

pouch of the colon in the RLQ

28
Q

what is the normal thickness of the large intestine

A

4 mm

29
Q

what are the layers of the colon

A

mucosa - direct contact with intraluminal contents
submucosa - contains blood vessels and lymph
muscularis - contains bands of fiber
adventitia or serosa - connective tissue

30
Q

what is another name for the colon

A

large intestine

31
Q

the large intestine have _____ concentric layers resulting in _____ interfaces

A

FOUR

FIVE

**very important

32
Q

what is the appendix

A

tubular structure communicating with the cecum

contains lymphoid tissue

33
Q

primary functions of the GI tract

A

largest endocrine organ in the body
digestion and absorption
3-4 hrs food is converted to chyme by stomach, moves to pylorus
most absorption occurs in small intestine
important enzymes - cholecystokinin and secretin
contractions of the stomach help mix the food
stomach muscles mash and churn food and move it along
large amounts of mucus are secreted
gastric gland secretes gastric juices - hydrochloric acid and enzymes

34
Q

most common laboratory finding for GI issues

A

blood in the stool

35
Q

_____ may be present as a result of chronic blood loss

A

anemia

36
Q

elevated WBC counts means

A

infection

37
Q

clinical symptoms of GI Tract issues

A 
nausea
vomiting
diarrhea
pain
fever
weight loss
bloating
38
Q

the odd-number layers of the GI tract are _____

A

echogenic

39
Q

the even numbered layers of the GI tract are _____

A

hypoechoic

average thickness 3-5 mm

40
Q

periserosal fat produces the _____ echogenic border of the tract wall

A

outer

41
Q

a cystic mass in the LUQ needs to be defined as _____ or _____

A

the stomach or another mass

42
Q

the appendix is located on the abdominal wall under ______ point -RLQ

A

McBurney’s

43
Q

normal appendix diameter

A

< 6 mm

44
Q

what transducer is used to evaluate the appendix

A

high frequency linear

45
Q

_____ _____ over an area of maximum tenderness will help to delineate the area of the appendix

A

graded compression

**important

46
Q

pathology of the stomach: benign and malignant examples

A

benign - polyp, leiomyoma

malignant - CA, lymphomas, leiomyosarcoma, mets

47
Q

gastric CA

A 
90-95% of stomach cancers
6th leading cause of death
older males
1/2 occur in pylorus
sono - target or pseudokidney sign
48
Q

common sign seen in the bowel sonographically

A

keyboard sign

**slide 52

49
Q

pathology of appendix

A

TARGET lesion
thickening of the bowel wall as a result of edema
echogenic core results from necrotic appendix or appendiceal lumen
noncompressible mass
fluid or abscess collection
pain and rebound tenderness
**McBurney’s sign

50
Q

sonographers must be able to distinguish between the ____ and ____ collection

A

colon and fluid collection

**look for peristalsis

51
Q

Crohn’s ileocolitis and appendix relationship

A

appendix is involved

appendicitis being the initial manifestation of this disease

52
Q

what is Crohn’s disease (regional enteritis)

A

a recurrent granulomatous inflammatory disease that affects the terminal ileum and/or any level of the colon

53
Q

______ diverticulum is located on the antimesenteric border of the ileum

A

Meckel’s

**tissue left over from GI tract structures in an unborn baby

54
Q

_____ is the most common in the colon

A

diverticulum

Summer 2014 - ABD 2 ✔️ (9 decks)

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