GI Tract

Question 0

parts of the GI tract

Answer 0

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intesting, and large intestine

Question 1

GI tract is also called

Answer 1

alimentary canal

Question 2

functions of the digestive system

Answer 2

ingest food
digest food
secrete enzymes
absorb and breakdown food
reabsorb fluid
form and release waste

Question 3

esophagus descends from the _____ to enter the right side of the _____

Answer 3

thorax

stomach

Question 4

esophagus is _____ to the left lobe of the liver and the left crus of the diaphragm

Answer 4

posterior

Question 5

the lower end of the esophagus has a circular muscle, a _____ _____, which acts as a sphincter

Answer 5

cardiac orifice

Question 6

what is the gastroesophageal junction

Answer 6

segment of the esophagus between the diaphragm and the stomach

“bull’s eye” or “target” shape on US

Question 7

stomach lies _____ the ribs in the left upper abdomen

Answer 7

under

Question 8

what shape is the stomach

Answer 8

j-shaped

Question 9

what sections does the stomach consist of

Answer 9

cardiac and phyloric orifices
lesser and greater curvatures
2 surfaces (anterior and posterior)

Question 10

what are the parts of the stomach

Answer 10

fundus, body, pyloric antrum, and pylorus

Question 11

folds of the stomach mucosa and submucosa are called what

Answer 11

rugae

Question 12

the stomach secretes _____ and _____ and is an organ of _____

Answer 12

hydrochloric acid and pepsin

digestion

Question 13

what does the small intestine do

Answer 13

digests and absorbs the food

Question 14

size of small intestine

Answer 14

5 m long x 4 cm wide coiled tube

Question 15

first 22 cm of small intestine is the _____

Answer 15

duodenum

Question 16

duodenum is divided into what 4 segments

Answer 16

superior, descending, transverse, ascending

Question 17

small intestine is divided into what 3 sections

Answer 17

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

Question 18

what is mesentary of small intestine

Answer 18

projects from parietal peritoneum

Question 19

what are villi of the small intestine

Answer 19

line inner walls, circular folds of mucous membrane

Question 20

duodenum curves around the _____ of the pancreas

Answer 20

head

Question 21

the duodenum begins at the _____, runs ______ to the left kidney, runs ______ to the left, and runs _____ and to the left

Answer 21

pylorus

anterior

horizontally

upward

Question 22

_____ __ _____ ascends to the right crus and holds the duodenojejunal junction in position

Answer 22

Ligament of Treitz (duodenum section)

Question 23

_____ arises from the duodenum

Answer 23

jejunum

Question 24

_____ _____ marks the entry into the large intestine and serves as a landmark to find the appendix

Answer 24

ileocecal orifice (ileum section)

Question 25

large intestine divides into what sections

Answer 25

vermiform appendix, cecum, ascending (to hepatic flexure), transverse, and descending (to splenic flexure) colon, and rectum

Question 26

large intestine is dividied into segments called what

Answer 26

haustra

Question 27

what is a cecum

Answer 27

pouch of the colon in the RLQ

Question 28

what is the normal thickness of the large intestine

Answer 28

4 mm

Question 29

what are the layers of the colon

Answer 29

mucosa - direct contact with intraluminal contents submucosa - contains blood vessels and lymph muscularis - contains bands of fiber adventitia or serosa - connective tissue

Question 30

what is another name for the colon

Answer 30

large intestine

Question 31

the large intestine have _____ concentric layers resulting in _____ interfaces

Answer 31

FOUR FIVE **very important

Question 32

what is the appendix

Answer 32

tubular structure communicating with the cecum contains lymphoid tissue

Question 33

primary functions of the GI tract

Answer 33

largest endocrine organ in the body digestion and absorption 3-4 hrs food is converted to chyme by stomach, moves to pylorus most absorption occurs in small intestine important enzymes - cholecystokinin and secretin contractions of the stomach help mix the food stomach muscles mash and churn food and move it along large amounts of mucus are secreted gastric gland secretes gastric juices - hydrochloric acid and enzymes

Question 34

most common laboratory finding for GI issues

Answer 34

blood in the stool

Question 35

_____ may be present as a result of chronic blood loss

Answer 35

anemia

Question 36

elevated WBC counts means

Answer 36

infection

Question 37

clinical symptoms of GI Tract issues

Answer 37

``` nausea vomiting diarrhea pain fever weight loss bloating ```

Question 38

the odd-number layers of the GI tract are _____

Answer 38

echogenic

Question 39

the even numbered layers of the GI tract are _____

Answer 39

hypoechoic average thickness 3-5 mm

Question 40

periserosal fat produces the _____ echogenic border of the tract wall

Answer 40

outer

Question 41

a cystic mass in the LUQ needs to be defined as _____ or _____

Answer 41

the stomach or another mass

Question 42

the appendix is located on the abdominal wall under ______ point -RLQ

Answer 42

McBurney's

Question 43

normal appendix diameter

Answer 43

< 6 mm

Question 44

what transducer is used to evaluate the appendix

Answer 44

high frequency linear

Question 45

_____ _____ over an area of maximum tenderness will help to delineate the area of the appendix

Answer 45

graded compression **important

Question 46

pathology of the stomach: benign and malignant examples

Answer 46

benign - polyp, leiomyoma malignant - CA, lymphomas, leiomyosarcoma, mets

Question 47

gastric CA

Answer 47

``` 90-95% of stomach cancers 6th leading cause of death older males 1/2 occur in pylorus sono - target or pseudokidney sign ```

Question 48

common sign seen in the bowel sonographically

Answer 48

keyboard sign **slide 52

Question 49

pathology of appendix

Answer 49

TARGET lesion thickening of the bowel wall as a result of edema echogenic core results from necrotic appendix or appendiceal lumen noncompressible mass fluid or abscess collection pain and rebound tenderness **McBurney's sign

Question 50

sonographers must be able to distinguish between the ____ and ____ collection

Answer 50

colon and fluid collection **look for peristalsis

Question 51

Crohn's ileocolitis and appendix relationship

Answer 51

appendix is involved | appendicitis being the initial manifestation of this disease

Question 52

what is Crohn's disease (regional enteritis)

Answer 52

a recurrent granulomatous inflammatory disease that affects the terminal ileum and/or any level of the colon

Question 53

______ diverticulum is located on the antimesenteric border of the ileum

Answer 53

Meckel's **tissue left over from GI tract structures in an unborn baby

Question 54

_____ is the most common in the colon

Answer 54

diverticulum