Pediatric 250-308 Flashcards
While reviewing expanded family pedigree for a child presented to the clinic for investgaton and diagnosis. It found that there is a 25% risk for 2 carrier parents to have afected child and the risk increase with consanguinity. Which of the following is the inheritance?
A. Autosomal recessive
B. Autosomal dominant
C. X-linked recessive
D. X-linked dominant
A. Autosomal recessive
An 11-year-old presents to the clinic with the following features, macrocephaly, macro-orchidism long face, large everted ears and ECHO revealed the presence of mitral valve prolapse. He has signifcant joint laxity and moderate learning difcultes. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Hunter syndrome
B. Hurler syndrome
C. Friedreich ataxia
D. Fragile X syndrome
D. Fragile X syndrome
Which of the following phases contribute the most for the fnal height of the child?
A. Fetal phase
B. Infantle phase
C. Childhood phase
D. Pubertal phase
C. Childhood phase
A child presents to the clinic for pubertal assessment. He had pubic hair flling out towards adult distributon, and darkening of scrotal skin. Which stage of puberty he reached according to Tanner staging?
A. I
B. MI
C. IV
D. V
C. IV
An 18-month-old girl presents with asymmetrical breast enlargement. There was no pubic hair growth or body odor and her height was in mid parental range. Her bone age was mildly advanced. Which of the following is the best next step in management?
A. ACTH test
B. MRI brain
C. CT chest
D. Pelvic ultrasound
D. Pelvic ultrasound
A 2-year-old girl is brought by her mother with breast enlargement. There was no pubic hair growth or body dour and her height was in mid parental range. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Precocious puberty
B. Premature pubarche
C. Central precocious puberty
D. Premature breast development
D. Premature breast development
A 24-hour-old neonate with ambiguous genitalia. 17-hydroxyprogesterone was abnormally high (see lab results). Test Result Normal Values Sodium 126 134-146 mmol/L Potassium 7.1 3.5-5.1 mmol/L Bicarbonate 15 21-28 mmol/L Glucose 2.6 2.8-5 mmol/L (Newborn) 3.3 -5.5 mmol/L (Child) which of the following is the correct management for this case?
A. Hydrocortsone and saline bolus
B. Saline bolus and glucose infusion
C. Antbiotcs, hydrocortsone and glucose infusion
D. Hydrocortsone, saline bolus and glucose infusion
D. Hydrocortsone, saline bolus and glucose infusion
A 24-hour-old neonate with ambiguous genitalia. 17-hydroxyprogesterone was abnormally high (see lab resuits). Test Result Normal Values Sodium 127 134-146 mmol/L Potassium 6.8 3.5-5.1 mmol/L Bicarbonate 15 21-28 mmol/L Glucose 2.5 2.8-5 mmol/L. (Newborn) 3.3 -5.5 mmol/L (Child) Which of the following is the inheritance of this disease?
A. Multfactorial
B. X-linked dominant
C. Autosomal dominant
D. Autosomal recessive
D. Autosomal recessive
A 24-hour-old neonate with ambiguous genitalia. 17-hydroxyprogesterone was abnormally high (see lab results). Test Result Normal Values Sodium 128 134-146 mmol/L Potassium 6.8 3.5-5. 1 mmol/L Bicarbonate 16 21-28 mmol/L Glucose 2.5 2.8-5 mmol/L (Newborn) 3.3 -5.5 mmol/L (Child) Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. 21-hydroxylase defciency
B. 17-hydroxylase defciency
C. 11-beta hydroxylase defciency
D. 36-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase defciency
A. 21-hydroxylase defciency
While counseling a new mother about the importance of the breasteeding, she mentoned that currently she had a yellow-white substance coming from the breast and she is worried about feeding her baby. Which of the following is correct regarding this yellow-white substance?
A. It has high content of proteins
B. It will contnue for 4 month normally
C. It should be discarded because the color
D. It has high content of lipid and glucose
A. It has high content of proteins
A 3-year-old girl found during health campaign in poor area to have generalized edema, sever wastng, hyperkeratosis, distended abdomen and sparse hair (see lab results). Blood pressure 85/45 mmH Heart rate 80 /min Respiratory rate 25 /min Temperature 36.0 °C Test Result Normal Values Sodium 132 134-146 mmol/L Potassium 3.2 3.5-5.1 mmol/L Magnesium 0.4 0.7-1.0 mmol/L Glucose 3.1 2.8-5 mmol/L (Newborn) 3.3 -5.5 mmol/L (Child) Albumin 20 36-52 g/L Which of the following contributes to the fnding?
A. Vitamin B12 defciency
B. Vitamin D defciency
C. Sever protein malnutriton
D. Sever carbohydrate malnutriton
C. Sever protein malnutriton
A 3-year-old girl found during health campaign in poor area to have generalized edema, sever wastng, hyperkeratosis, distended abdomen and sparse hair (see lab results). Blood pressure 85/45 mmH Heart rate 85 /min Temperature 36.0 °C Test Result Normal Values Sodium 132 134-146 mmol/L Potassium 3.0 3.5-5.1 mmol/L Magnesium 0.4 0.7-1.0 mmol/L Glucose 3.1 2.8-5 mmol/L (Newborn) 3.3 -5.5 mmol/L (Child) Calcium total 2.1 2.2-2.7 mmol/L Phosphate 1.2 1.3-2.3 mmol/L Albumin 18 36-52 g/L Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Rickets
B. Marasmus
C. Kwashiorkor
D. Coeliac disease
C. Kwashiorkor
A 3-year-old boy known case of celiac disease, presented to the clinic with frontal bossing, bowlegs and harrison sulcus. He missed the follow up in the clinic for the last 6 month. Which of the following can help in confrming the diagnosis?
A. X-ray of the wrist joint shows cupping
B. Flaky-paint skin rash with hyperkeratosis
C. Ultrasound abdomen shows enlarger liver
D. Low plasma albumin, potassium and magnesium
A. X-ray of the wrist joint shows cupping
A 3-year-old boy with celiac disease presents to the clinic with frontal bossing, bowlegs and harrison sulcus. He missed the follow up in the clinic for the last 6 month. Which of the following is the best management?
A. Daily administraton of Vitamin D3
B. Daily administraton of Vitamin A
C. Daily administraton of Vitamin B12
D. Daily administraton of Vitamin C
A. Daily administraton of Vitamin D3
A 3-year-old boy presents to the clinic with marked obesity. The mother gave history of persistent hyperphagia, and that he does not control his hunger. On examinaton, he is found to have dysmorphic facial features, hypotonia and undescended testes Which of the following is most likely diagnosis?
A. Noonan syndrome
B. Williams syndrome
C. DiGeorge syndrome
D. Prader-Willi Syndrome
D. Prader-Willi Syndrome
Which of the following considered a complicaton of obesity in childhood?
A. Primary enuresis
B. Hypertension
C. Type 1 diabetes
D. Hyperventlaton syndrome
B. Hypertension
A 6-month-old infant presents to the Emergency Room with sudden apnea and color change. The mother gave history of recurrent vomitng and multple chest infecton. On examinaton, wasted and underweight infant, with failure to thrive and dystonic neck posturing while crying. Which of the following contribute to the disease?
A. Hypertrophy of the pyloric muscles
B. Hypertrophy of the esophageal muscles
C. Inappropriate relaxaton of the upper esophageal sphincter
D. Inappropriate relaxaton of the lower esophageal sphincter
D. Inappropriate relaxaton of the lower esophageal sphincter
A 6-month-old infant presents to the Emergency Room with sudden apnea and color change. The mother gave history of recurrent vomitng, and muitple chest infecton. On examinaton, he looks failing to thrive with dystonic neck posturing while crying. Which of the following considers as high-risk case for the above disease?
A. Obese baby
B. Preterm infant
C. Post pertussis infecton
D. Following inguinal hernia repair
B. Preterm infant
A 6-month-old infant presents to the Emergency Room with sudden apnea and color change. The mother gave history of recurrent vomitng, and multple chest infecton. On examinaton, he looks failing to thrive with dystonic neck posturing while crying. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Pyloric stenosis
B. Cow’s milk allergy
C. Whooping cough
D. Gastrosophageal refux
D. Gastrosophageal refux
A 3-week-old neonate presents to the Emergency Room with persistent projectle vomitng. The mother mentoned that he is immediately show sign of hunger afer vomitng, but he is not gaining weight as expected. Which of the following fnding associated with this presentaton?
A. Hypochloraemic metabolic alkalosis
B. Hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis
C. Hypochloraemic metabolic acidosis
D. Hyperchloraemic metabolic alkalosis
A. Hypochloraemic metabolic alkalosis
A 4-week-old neonate presents to the Emergency Room with persistent projectle vomitng. The mother mentoned that he is immediately show sign of hunger afer vomitng, but he is not gaining weight as expected (see lab results) Test Result Normal Values Sodium 130 134-146 mmol/L Potassium 2.8 3.5-5.1 mmol/L Chloride 88 97-108 mmol/L Bicarbonate 26 21-28 mmol/L Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Intussuscepton
B. Pyloric stenosis
C. Intestnal obstructon
D. Gastrosophageal refux
B. Pyloric stenosis
Which of the following common cause of vomitng in infants’ age group?
A. Coellac disease
B. Diabetc ketoacidosis
C. Urinary tract infecton
D. Cyclical vomitng syndrome
C. Urinary tract infecton
What is the most appropriate counseling should be given regarding infantle colic?
A. It occurs in 80% of babies
B. Usually resolve by 6 weeks of age
C. Associated with excessive passage of flatus
D. Gripe water has proven evidence to control it
C. Associated with excessive passage of flatus
A 5-year-old girl presents to the Emergency Room with history of severe abdominal pain, which is central and colicky, and repeated vomitng. The pain is getng worse by movement. On examinaton, there is generalized guarding in the abdomen, with more tendemess toward the right iliac fossa (see lab results). Blood pressure 110/70 mmHg Heart rate 135 /min Respiratory rate 22 /min Temperature 38 °C Oxygen saturaton 95 % Test Result Normal Values RBC 5 4.8-7.1 x 1012/L (Newbor) 4.6-4.8 x 1012/L (Child) Hb 132 165-195 g/L (Newborn) 112-165 g/L (Child)
Platelets count 320 150-400 x 109/L ESR 12 2-10 mm/h WBC 15.2 4.5-13.5 x 109/L (2-10 years) 4.5-11.1 x 109/L (11 years-older adult) Which of the following is the most appropriate counseling regarding this conditon?
A. Occurs in 2% of individual
B. Its uncommon below 3 years old
C. A sausage shaped mass ofen palpable
D. Passage of redcurrant jelly stool confrmed the diagnosis
B. Its uncommon below 3 years old
Which of the following is the most appropriate counseling for celiac disease?
A. No diagnostc test is available for celiac disease
B. Intestinal biopsy is required to confrm the diagnosis
C. Diagnosis can be confrmed by positve serological test
D. Improvement afer usage of gluten-free diet can work as diagnostc test
B. Intestinal biopsy is required
A 14-month-old child presents to the Emergency Room with history of paroxysmal, sever colicky abdominal pain, which comes and goes in bouts. He had vomitng and suddenly pass red currant jelly stool. Which of the following is the most appropriate counseling for this presentaton?
A. Shock is a common complication
B. Recurrence is common afer surgical correction
C. Treatment requires immediate surgical intervention
D. Reducton by therapeutc enemas is carried out in case of peritonits
A. Shock is a common complication
Which of the following is the most common congenital heart lesion?
A. Persistent ductus arteriosus
B. Ventricular septal defect
C. Atrial septal defect
D. Tetralogy of fallot
B. Ventricular septal defect
A 24-hour-old neonate found to have abnormal heart rhythm during admission exam. ECG done showed complete heart block. ECHO showed small persistent ductus arteriosus (see lab results). Test Result Normal Values RBC 5 4.8-7.1 x 1012/L (Newborn) 4.6-4.8 x 1012/L (Child) Hb 165 165-195 g/L (Newborn) 112-165 g/L (Child) HCT 0.45 0.44-0.64 (Newborn) 0.32-0.42 (Child) Platelets count 65 150-400 x 109/L WBC 11 9.1-30.1 x 109/L (Birth) 6.1-17.5 x 109/L (1-23 months) Which of the following maternal disorders contributes to the fnding?
A. Hypothyrodism
B. Diabetes mellitus
C. Rubella infecton
D. Systemic lupus erythematosus
D. Systemic lupus erythematosus
A 2-year-old child presents to the Emergency Department with high-grade fever, persistent vomitng, diarrhea and cough for 3 days. On examinaton, a murmur with decrease air entry over the right lung. For the last 4 visit to the pediatrician, the patent had a normal exam including cardiac (see lab results). Blood pressure 110/70 mmHg Heart rate 125 /min Respiratory rate 22 /min Temperature 38.5 °C Oxygen saturaton 97 % Test Result Normal Values BC 4.5 4.8-7.1 x 1012/L (Newborn) 4.6-4.8 x 1012/L (Child) Hb 95 165-195 g/L (Newborn) 112-165 g/L (Child) MCH 20 28-33 pg/cell MCV 65 80-95 f1 Platelets count 200 150-400 × 109/L WBC 6 4.5-13.5 x 109/L (2-10 vears) 4.5-11.1 X 109/L (11 years-older adult) Which of the following is the best next step in management for the heart murmur?
A. Urgent referral to cardiology
B. Immediate ECHO and ECG
C. Admission in cardiac ICU for monitoring and interventon
D. Re-examine the heart murmur afer correcton of the underlying illness
D. Re-examine the heart murmur afer correcton of the underlying illness
A 2-year-old child presents to the Emergency Department with high-grade fever, persistent vomitng, diarrhea and cough for 3 days. On examinaton, a murmur with decrease air entry over the right lung. For the last 4 visit to the pediatrician, the patent had a normal exam including cardiac (see lab results). Blood pressure 110/70 mmg Heart rate 110 /min Respiratory rate 22 /min Temperature 38.5 °C Oxygen saturaton 97 % Test Result Normal Values RBC 4.2 4.8-7.1 x 1012/L (Newborn) 4.6-4.8 x 1012/L (Child) Hb 92 165-195 g/L (Newborn) 112-165 g/L (Child) MCH 20 28-33 pg/cell MCV 65 80-95 f Platelets count 350 150-400 x 109/L Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis for the heart murmur?
A. Aortic stenosis
B. Innocent murmur
C. Pulmonary regurgitation
D. Ventricular septal defect
B. Innocent murmur
An 8-week-old infant presents to the clinic with wheezing. coughing, poor feeding and poor weight gain for the previous 2 weeks. Before this, she had been well. Her routne neonatal examinaton had been normal apart from pansystolic murmur at lower lef sternal edge. On examinaton, the liver was enlarged below costal margin. Blood pressure 110/50 mmg Heart rate 95 /min Respiratory rate 32 /min Temperature 36.6 °C Oxygen saturaton 92 % Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Cystc fbrosis
B. Bronchial asthma
C. Atrial septal defect
D. Ventricular septal defect
D. Ventricular septal defect
An 8-week-old infant presents to the clinic with fever, wheezing. coughing, poor feeding and poor weight gain for the previous 2 weeks. Before this, she had been well. Her routne neonatal examinaton had been normal apart from pansystolic murmur at lower lef sternal edge. On examinaton, the liver was enlarged below costal margin (see report). Blood pressure 95/50 mmHg Heart rate 85 /min Respiratory rate 34 /min Temperature 38 °C Oxygen saturaton 92 % Chest X-Ray: Showed cardiomegaly and increase pulmonary vascular marking with bilateral patches in the lung. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
A. Referral for surgical intervention
B. Medical treatment with diuretics
C. Admit to ICU for diagnostc catheterization
D. Full course of IV antbiotcs then re-evaluate
B. Medical treatment with diuretics
Which of the following represent the best management approach for signifcant atrial septal defect (ASD)?
A. Secundum ASD require surgical correction
B. Treatment usually undertaken at 3-5 years of age
C. Treatment usually undertaken within 8 weeks form birth
D. No need to treat signifcant ASD as it will close by age of 5 years
B. Treatment usually undertaken at 3-5 years of age
An 18-month-old child diagnosed with congenital heart disease, presented to Emergency Room with severe cyanosis and hypercyantc spells. The mother mentoned that he was irritable and inconsolable crying for the last 1 hours and the cyanosis is getng worse. On examinaton, he looks cyanotce centrally, with loud harsh ejecton systolic murmur heard at lef sternal border (see report). Blood pressure 100/60 mmHg Heart rate 95 /min Respiratory rate 28 /min Temperature 37.8 °C Oxygen saturaton 85 %
Chest X-Ray: Showed small heart with decrease pulmonary vascular marking. Which of the following is to most appropriate management?
A. Sedaton and pain relief
B. Intravenous diuretcs bolus
C. Immediate cardiac catheterization
D. IV antbiotcs and total parenteral nutriton
A. Sedaton and pain relief
A 2-day-old neonate presents to the Emergency Department with sudden sever cyanosis. On examinaton, he looks cyanotc, lethargic; with cardiac exam reveals no murmur and normal pulses (see report). Chest X-Ray: Showed egg on side appearance of the cardiac shadow and increased pulmonary vascular marking. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Tetralogy of fallot
B. Coarctaton of aorta
C. Transpositon of great arteries
D. Persistence ductus arteriosus
C. Transpositon of great arteries
A 14-month-old presents to Primary Clinic with recurrent syncopal atack, associated with worsening heart failure manifestaton and poor growth. On examinaton, he has crackles all over the chest with palpitaton and abnormal cardiac rhythm (see report). ECG: Showed narrow complex tachycardia of 250-300 beats/min. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Atrial futer
B. Atrial fbrillaton
C. Ventricular tachycardia
D. Supraventricular tachycardia
D. Supraventricular tachycardia
A 2-year-old girl brought to Primary Clinic because the mother notced she is pale. She had history of drinking 3 glasses of cow’s milk daily, very picky eater and refusing to eat meat. The mother gave history of similar presentaton on 2 of her brother (see lab results). Test Result Normal Values RBC 3 4.8-7.1 x 1012/L (Newborn) 4.6-4.8 x 1012/L (Child) Hb 4 165-195 g/L (Newborn) 112-165 g/L (Child) MCH 18 28-33 pg/cell MCV 62 80-95 f1 Retculocyte 3 0.2-1.2 % Platelets count 480 150-400 x 109/L Ferritn 9 20-200 g/L Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Sickle cell disease
B. Alpha thalassemia trait
C. Iron defciency anemia
D. Anemia of chronic disease
A. Sickle cell disease
A 2-year-old girl brought to Primary Clinic because the mother notced she is pale. History of drinking 3 pints of cow’s milk daily and is a very picky eater. The mother gave history of similar presentaton on 2 of her brother (see lab results). Test Result Normal Values RBC 3 4.8-7.1 x 1012/L (Newborn) 4.6-4.8 x 1012/L (Child) Hb 4 165-195 g/L (Newborn) 112-165 g/L (Child) MCH 18 28-33 pg/cell MCV 62 80-95 f Retculocyte 3 0.2-1.2 % Platelets count 480 150-400 x 109/L Ferritn 9 20-200 ug/L Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Sickle cell disease
B. Alpha thalassemia trait
C. Iron defciency anemia
D. Anemia of chronic disease
C. Iron defciency anemia
A 2-years-old boy presents to the clinic with complain of sudden jaundice, fever for the last 3 days and passage of dark urine. Family history is positve for one brother who has severe neonatal jaundice required exchange transfusion, and they are originated from Mediterranean region (see lab results). Blood pressure 110/70 mmHg Heart rate 120 /min Respiratory rate 22 /min Temperature 38.5 ‘C Test Result Normal Values RBC 4 4.8-7.1 x 1012/L (Newborn) 4.6-4.8 x 1012/L (Child) Hb 9 165-195 g/L (Newborn) 112-165 g/L (Child) Retculocyte 3 0.2-1.2 % Platelets count 300 150-400 x 109/L WBC 10 4.5-13.5 x 109/L (2-10 years) 4.5-11.1 x 109/L (11 years-older adult) Which of the following medicatons should be avoided in the management?
A. Aspirin
B. Amoxicillin
C. Ibuprofen
D. Acetaminophen
A. Aspirin
Which of the following leukemia is the most common in pediatric age group?
A. Acute myeloid
B. Chronic myeloid
C. Acute lymphoblastc
D. Acute non-lymphoblastc
C. Acute lymphoblastc
A 3-year-old boy is brought to the clinic by his mother because he was not eatng well, and had distended abdomen. Recently he appeared reluctant to walk and lost weight. On examinaton, he looks pale, with hypertension and distended abdomen. MRI abdomen, confrmed the presence of large upper abdominal mass extending toward the midline Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Wilms tumor
B. Neuroblastoma
C. Hodgkin lymphoma
D. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
B. Neuroblastoma
A 4-year-old girl presents to the clinic with recurrent abdominal pain in additon to headaches She has poor appette and refuse feeding because the pain. The atacks of the abdominal pain are midline associated with vomitng and facial pallor. There is a family history of severe headache in 2 sisters.Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Abdominal migraine
B. Chronic constpaton
C. Irritable bowel syndrome
D. Infammatory bowel disease
A. Abdominal migraine
A 2-year-old girl presents to the Emergency Room with fever, vomitng and diarrhea for the last 4 days. On examinaton, she looks severely dehydrated, lethargic with altered conscious stat, with mild abdominal pain. The family mentoned that they tried to use oral rehydraton soluton at home but she is not drinking well. A rapid correcton by intravenous normal saline fuid established to manage her case. Afer 30 minutes, she starts to have abnormal movement and went in coma, which required resuscitaton intubaton and admission to Pediatric Critcal Care Unit (see lab results). Blood pressure 75/35 mmg Heart rate 110 /min Respiratory rate 28 /min Temperature 39 °C Oxygen saturaton 95 % Test Result Normal Values Sodium 162 134-146 mol/L Potassium 3.8 3.5-5.1 mmol/L Chloride 115 97-108 mmol/L Bicarbonate 14 21-28 mmol/L which of the following is the most likely cause her deterioraton?
A. The case complicated with meningits
B. Rapid correcton lead to cerebral edema
C. Delayed in startng fuid and antbiotcs
D. Sudden intraventricular hemorrhage because the high sodium
B. Rapid correcton lead to cerebral edema
A 2-year-old child presents to the Emergency Room with fever, vomitng and diarrhea for the last 4 days. On examinaton, she looks severely dehydrated, lethargic with altered conscious stat, with mild abdominal pain. The family mentoned that they tried to use oral rehydraton soluton at home but she is not drinking well. A rapid correcton by intravenous normal saline fuid established to manage her case. Afer 30 minutes, she starts to have abnormal movement and went in coma, which required resuscitaton intubaton and admission to Pediatric Critcal Care Unit (see lab results). Blood pressure 75/45 mmH
Heart rate 120 /min Respiratory rate 28 /min Temperature 39 °C Oxygen saturaton 95 % Test Result Normal Values Sodium 162 134-146 mmol/L Potassium 3.6 3.5-5.1 mmol/L Chloride 115 97-108 mmol/L Bicarbonate 14 21-28 mmol/L which of the following is the most appropriate management?
A. Fluid defcit should be replaced over 48 hours
B. Fluid defcit should be replaced over 24 hours
C. Fluid defcit should be replaced over 12 hours
D. Fluid defcit should be replaced over 6 hours
A. Fluid defcit should be replaced over 48 hours
Which of the following describes the role of ant-diarrheal drugs in the management of gastroenteritis?
A. They are effective
B. Can be associated with side effects
C. Can replace oral rehydraton in severe cases
D. May shorten the excreton of bacteria in stool
B. Can be associated with side effects
A 12-month-old child presents to the clinic following an episode of gastroenterits as diarrhea returns back afer introducton of normal diet. The mother said that she used the oral rehydraton soluton as prescribed and followed the advices received from the pediatrician. On examinaton, the child looks mildly dehydrated with normal actvity. Which of the following is the most appropriate counseling should be given?
A. Change to gluten free formula
B. Change to cow’s milk free formula
C. Use oral rehydraton soluton for 5 days followed by introducton of normal diet
D. Use oral rehydraton soluton for 24 hours followed by introducton of normal diet
D. Use oral rehydraton soluton for 24 hours followed by introducton of normal diet
A 12-month-old child presents to the clinic following an episode of gastroenterits as diarrhea returns back afer introducton of normal diet. The mother said that she used the oral rehydraton soluton as prescribed and followed the advices received from the pediatrician. On examinaton, the child looks mildly dehydrated with normal actvity. Which of the following can explain the new presentaton?
A. Temporary lactose intolerance
B. Temporary lactase intolerance
C. Temporary glucose intolerance
D. Temporary sucrose intolerance
A. Temporary lactose intolerance
An 18-month-old child presents to the clinic with unilateral eye swilling for 2 days. On examinaton, there is clear proposis, painful and limited ocular movement with reduce visual acuity. The mother said they missed 12 and 18 months vaccines. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
A. Arrange for 18 month vaccines administraton
B. Brain MRI to roll out intraventricular hemorrhage
C. Urgent CT scan to assess the spread of the infecton
D. Perform funduscopic exam to roll out inclusion body
C. Urgent CT scan to assess the spread of the infecton
An 18-month-old child presents to the clinic with unilateral eye swilling for 2 days. On examinaton, there is clear proposis, painful and limited ocular movement with reduce visual acuity. The mother said they missed 12 and 18 months vaccines. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Orbital myosits
B. Orbital cellulits
C. Periorbital cellulits
D. Thyroid-associated orbitopathy
B. Orbital cellulits
A 2-year-old child presents to the clinic with skin lesions on the face, neck and hands. The mother said it was started as erythematous macules, which became vesicular then ruptured. On examinaton, ruptured vesicles with exudaton that look like honey colored crust lesions. The mother mentoned that her child complain of atopic eczema since infancy. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Boils
B. Impetgo
C. Atopic dermatts
D. Scalded skin syndrome
B. Impetgo
A 2-year-old child presents to the clinic with skin lesions on the face, neck and hands. The mother said it was started as erythematous macules, which became vesicular then ruptured. On examinaton, ruptured vesicles with exudaton that look like honey colored crust lesions. The mother mentoned that her child complain of atopic eczema since infancy. The mother is asking if she can allow her child to return to the nursery. Which of the following is the most appropriate counseling should be given?
A. Lesions are not contagious and can go to nursery
B. Lesions are not contagious and can go to nursery afer 5 days
C. Lesions are contagious and should not go to nursery for 3 days
D. Lesions are contagious and should not go to nursery untl it become dry
D. Lesions are contagious and should not go to nursery untl it become dry
A 2-year-old child presents to the clinic with 3-day history of vesicular lesions on the lips, gums and anterior surface of the tongue and hard palate. On examinaton, child looks dehydrated with dry mucus membrane the lesions look extensive, painful with mild bleeding. According to the mother, she is not eatng or drinking well because of the pain. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Impetgo
B. Gingivostomatts
C. Herpetc whitlows
D. Eczema herpetcum
B. Gingivostomatts
A 2-year-old child presents to the clinic with 3-day history of vesicular lesions on the lips, gums and anterior surface of the tongue and hard palate. On examinaton, the lesions look extensive, painful with mild bleeding. According to the mother, she is not eatng or drinking well because of the pain. Which of the following is the most likely the causatve organism?
A. Herpes simplex virus
B. Varicella zoster virus
C. Staphylococcal aureus
D. Streptococcus pneumonia
A. Herpes simplex virus
A 2-year-old child presents to the clinic with 3-day history of vesicular lesions on the lips, gums and anterior surface of the tongue and hard palate. On examinaton, child looks dehydrated and the lesions look extensive, painful with mild bleeding. According to the mother, she is not eatng or drinking well because of the pain for the last 2 days. Which of the following is the best management?
A. Acyclovir
B. Intravenous fuid and acyclovir
C. Intravenous fuid and topical antbiotcs
D. Narrow spectrum systemic antbiotcs and topical antbiotcs
B. Intravenous fuid and acyclovir
A 2-year-old child presented to the clinic with high-fever of 5-day duraton. Examinaton showed ill child with mild conjunctvits, a rash, cervical lymphadenopathy, and cracked red lips (see lab results), Blood pressure 110/70 mmHg Heart rate 115 /min Respiratory rate 22 /min Temperature 39.5 °C Test Result Normal Values C-reactve peptde 135 0-0.5 mg/di RBC 4 4.8-7.1 x 1012/L (Newborn) 4.6-4.8 x 1012/L (Child) Hb 115 165-195 g/L (Newborn) 112-165 g/L (Child) Platelets count 550 150-400 x 109/L ESR 125 2-10 mm/h WBC 15 4.5-13.5 x 109/L. (2-10 years) 4.5-11.1 x 109/L. (11 years-older adult) Which of the following is the best management?
A. Aspirin
B. Ribavirin
C. Vitamin A
D. Acyclovir
A. Aspirin
A 2-year-old child presented to the clinic with high-fever of 5-day duraton. Examinaton showed ill child, with mild conjunctvits, a rash, cervical lymphadenopathy and cracked red lips (see lab results), Blood pressure 110/70 mmHg Heart rate 120 /min Respiratory rate 24 /min Temperature 39.2 °C Test Result Normal Values RBC 5 4.8-7.1 x 1012/L (Newborn) 4.6-4.8 x 1012/L (Child) Hb 115 165-195 g/L (Newborn) 112-165 g/L (Child) Platelets count 550 150-400 x 109/L ESR 125 2-10 mm/h WBC 18 4.5-13.5 x 109/L (2-10 vears)
4.5-11.1 x 109/L (11 years-older adult) C-reactve peptde 135 0-0.5 mg/dl Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Mumps
B. Rubella
C. Measles
D. Kawasaki disease
D. Kawasaki disease
A 5-year-old child presents to the Emergency Room with severe sore throat, high-fever and increasing difculty breathing over 8 hours. On examinaton, ill toxic looking child with drooling of saliva and sitng immobile with open mouth. Blood pressure 110/70 mmHg Heart rate 115 /min Respiratory rate 32 /min Temperature 38.8 °C Oxygen saturaton 95 % Which of the following is the most appropriate immediate acton should be taken?
A. Urgent referral to ENT for tonsillectomy
B. Complete sepsis work up, followed by antbiotcs for 7 days
C. Send home on oral antbiotcs for 7 days and referral to ENT
D. Urgent admission to ICU for intubaton then sepsis work to follow
D. Urgent admission to ICU for intubaton then sepsis work to follow
A 5-year-old child presents with severe sore throat, high fever and increasing difculty breathing over 8 hours. On examinaton, ill and toxic looking child with drooling of saliva and sitng immobile with open mouth. Blood pressure 110/70 mmHg Heart rate 120 /min Respiratory rate 28 /min Temperature 38.6 °C Oxygen saturaton 95 % Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Bronchits
B. Pharyngits
C. Acute Croup
D. Acute epiglottis
D. Acute epiglottis
which of the following considered as minor manifestaton of Jones criteria for diagnosis of rheumatc fever?
A. Pancardits
B. Polyarthralgia
C. Sydenham chorea
D. Subcutaneous nodules
B. Polyarthralgia
A 3-year-old child presents to the clinic with history of passing red-brown urine. There is a positve history of fu-like prodrome 2 weeks ago. Which of the following has the highest diagnostc value?
A. High complement C3
B. Low complement C4
C. High complement C4
D. Low complement C3
D. Low complement C3
A 4-month-old boy brought by his mother asking for circumcision. History revealed that he was diagnosed with mid-shaf hypospadias. Which of the following is the most appropriate counseling should be given?
A. No link between hypospadias and circumcision
B. It is late for circumcision as correcton is ofen undertaken before 4 month old
C. Infant with hypospadias must not be circumcised as the skin will used in the surgery
D. Proceed with circumcision as there is no need for surgical correcton for this type of hypospadias
C. Infant with hypospadias must not be circumcised as the skin will used in the surgery
A 5-year-old child presented with bruising and skin rash that developed over 24 hours. She had had upper respiratory tract infecton a week ago. On examinaton, she appeared well but had purpuric skin rash with some bruises on legs. No lymphadenopathy or hepatosplenomegaly (see lab results). Test Result Normal Values RBC 4.7 4.8-7.1 x 1012/L (Newborn) 4.6-4.8 x 1012/L (Child) Hb 115 165-195 g/L (Newborn) 112-165 g/L (Child) MCH 30 28-33 pg/cell MCV 85 80-95 f1 Platelets count 17 150-400 x 109/L ESR 3 2-10 mm/h Clotng tme 5 5-10 min Bleeding tme 3 up to 4 min APT 35 30-40 sec INR 1.1 0.9.1.2 Prothrombin tme 13 12-14 sec WBC 6 4.5-13.5 x 109/L (2-10 years) 4.5-11.1 x 109/L (11 years-older adult) Color clear clear or light yellow Nitrite absent Absent Hemoglobin absent Absent Erythrocytes 0 0-2 per high power feld Which of the following is most likely the diagnosis?
A. Wiskot-aldrich syndrome
B. Bernard-souller syndrome
C. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
D. Thrombotc thrombocytopenic purpura
C. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
A 2-month-old infant presents to Emergency Room with bronchiolits required non-invasive mechanical ventlaton as a respiratory support. Which of the following is the most appropriate destnaton?
A. Admission to paediatric word
B. Admission to neonatal care unit
C. Observaton in emergency department
D. Admission to pediatrics critcal care unit
D. Admission to pediatrics critcal care unit
An 8-month-old infant admited to Pediatrics Critcal Care for close observaton. Which of the following standers contnuous monitoring in pediatrics critcal care measured as trans-cutaneous?
A. Blood pressure
B. Fluid balance
C. Glasgow coma scale
D. Arterial oxygen saturaton
D. Arterial oxygen saturaton
A 7-year-old presents to Emergency Department with vomitng and abdominal pain for 1 day. The child has had history of polydipsia, polyuria and weight loss for the last 3 weeks. Examinaton reveals dehydraton and hypoactvity (see lab results). Blood pressure 90/50 mmH Heart rate 110 /min Respiratory rate 24 /min Temperature 38.6 °C Oxygen saturaton 95 % Weight 23 kg Test Result Normal Values ABG HCO3- 5 13-22 mmol/L ABG PCO2 22 27-40 mmHg pH 7.12 7.36-7.45 ABG PO2 100 8-24 mmHg (Newborn) 55-80 mmHg (Child) Base access -17 -2 to 2 mmol/L Color light yellow clear or light yellow Appearance clear clear pH 6 4.3-8 Specifc gravity 1025 1001-1030 Protein +1 Absent Glucose +4 Absent Ketones +4 Absent Nitrite absent Absent Leukocytes 3 0-3 per high power feld Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Gastrits
B. Food poisoning
C. Diabetic ketoacidosis
D. Urinary tract infecton
C. Diabetic ketoacidosis
A 3-year-old child presents to Emergency Department with fever, poor feeding and vomitng for 3 days afer a fu-like illness. On examinaton, she looks sick, lethargic and capillary refll is 4 seconds. Cardiopulmonary monitor atached and intravenous access atained. Blood pressure 62/46 mmH Heart rate 156 /min Respiratory rate 48 /min Temperature 38.2 °C Oxygen saturaton 92% Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Sepsis
B. Bronchiolits
C. Encephilits
D. Septc shock
D. Septc shock
A 4-year-old child presents with shortness of breath and cough following fu-like illness for 2 days. Examinaton reveals child in severe distress with increased efort of respiraton with bilateral wheeze and prolonged expiatory phase. He had slimier atacks before that required hospitalizaton. Blood pressure 100/65 mmHg Heart rate 124 /min Respiratory rate 33 /min Temperature 36.6 °C Oxygen saturaton 82 % which of the following is the most appropriate management?
A. Antbiotc and systematc steroid
B. Ventolin nebulizaton and antbiotcs
C. Intravenous fuid and ventalin nebulizaton
D. Ventolin nebulizaton and systematc steroid
D. Ventolin nebulizaton and systematc steroid
A 9-month-old infant presents to Emergency Room with actve generalized tonic-clonic seizure for 5 minutes ago. He has fu-like illness today and the review of system was unremarkable. The child was connected to cardiopulmonary monitor and intravenous access immediately atained. Blood pressure 80/50 mmHg Heart rate 132 /min Respiratory rate 31 /min Temperature 39.6 °C Oxygen saturaton 95 % Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
A. Oral lorazepam
B. Nasal diazepam
C. Rectal diazepam
D. Intravenous lorazepam
D. Intravenous lorazepam
Which of the following is the most common cause of shock in children?
A. Septic
B. Hypovolemic
C. Cariogenic
D. Obstructive
B. Hypovolemic
A 4-year-old child with bronchial asthma on ventolin inhaler. The mother gave history of cough atack more than twice per week and she brought her child to the Emergency Room last month twice. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
A. Start inhaled steroids
B. Increase ventolin frequency
C. Contnue same management
D. Admit to hospital for further workup
A. Start inhaled steroids
A 12-year-old child brought by an ambulance to Emergency Room afer fall down from height. The primary survey reveals awake child, breathing with open wound in lef thigh covered with blood-sucked gauze. The capillary refll is 4 seconds. Blood pressure 70/50 mmHg Heart rate 118 /min Respiratory rate 22 /min Temperature 36.6 °C Oxygen saturaton 95 % Which of the following is the most appropriate next acton?
A. Send for imaging
B. Give morphine bolus
C. Call surgeon on duty
D. Give normal saline bolus
D. Give normal saline bolus
A 6-year-old boy presented with recurrent cough and wheeze, He is on ventolin and fuxotde inhaler, labelled as bronchial asthma sine age of 4. The mother is concerned about poor weight gain and worsening lung conditon. His examinaton reveals thin child with weight less than 5th percentle and height at 25th percentle and has normal chest exam. Blood pressure 110/70 mmHg Heart rate 76 /min Respiratory rate 18 /min Temperature 36.6 °C Oxygen saturaton 95 % Which of the following is the most appropriate counselling should be given?
A. Reassurance and diettan referral
B. Need escalaton in bronchial asthma control
C. Start antbiotcs and follow up afer one month
D. Need further work out to roll out bronchial asthma mimicker
D. Need further work out to roll out bronchial asthma mimicker
Respiratory distress syndrome is common disease encountered in newborn delivered prematurely. Which of the following is the most basic lung part affected?
A. Epithelial cell producing surfactant
B. Connective tssue protein
C. Alveolar space structure
D. Bronchial tssue enzyme
A. Epithelial cell producing surfactant
Which of the following is the most common chronic disease in children?
A. Renal failure
B. Cystc fbrosis
C. Bronchial asthma
D. Diabetes mellitus
C. Bronchial asthma
Which of the following is the most important elements in bronchial asthma management?
A. Control acute attacks
B. Annual infuenza vaccination
C. Compliance with inhaled steroids
D. Family educaton and awareness
D. Family educaton and awareness
A 3-year-old child with suspected bronchial asthma disease. Which of the following has the highest diagnostc value at this age?
A. Bronchoscopy and lung biopsy
B. Pulmonary functon test and spirometry
C. Chest imaging and specifc immunological blood test
D. Detailed history and physical examinaton and response to bronchodilator
D. Detailed history and physical examinaton and response to bronchodilator
A 10-year-old boy with recurrent wheeze and cough responded partally to asthma management. He has poor weight gain and strong family history of bronchial asthma. Which of the following supports diagnosis of cystc fbrosis? A. Partal response to brochodilaton B. Family history of bronchial asthma C. Recurrent wheeze and cough
D. Poor weight gain
D. Poor weight gain
An 18-month-old child presents with stridor and barking cough for 2 days afer fu-like symptoms. Examinaton reveals actve well looking child and stable vital signs. Blood pressure 100/70 mmHg Heart rate 102 /min Respiratory rate 20 /min Temperature 37.6 °C Oxygen saturaton 95 % Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Viral croup
B. Epiglots
C. Trachiaits
D. Foreign body aspiraton
A. Viral croup
Which of the following is the most causatve organism of bronchiolits in infant?
A. Influenza
B. Adenovirus
C. Parainfunza
D. Respiratory syncytal virus
D. Respiratory syncytal virus
Which of the following is the most common mode of inheritance in cystc fbrosis?
A. Autosomal recessive
B. Autosomal dominant
C. X-linked recessive
D. Multfactorial
A. Autosomal recessive
A 2-year-old child presents with cough and fever for 1 week duraton following fu-like symptoms. On examinaton, well looking with decease air entry and crackles in right lower lung on auscultaton and just below this fnding there is stony dullness on percussion. Blood pressure 98/65 mmHg Heart rate 105 /min Respiratory rate 22 /min Temperature 38.6 °C Oxygen saturaton 95 % Which of the following is the expected fnding in chest X-ray match child’s chest finding?
A. Bronchopneumonia
B. Plural effusion
C. Pneumothorax
D. Lung collapse
B. Plural effusion
A 3-month-old infant with noisy breath since birth change with positoning tends to disappears in prone positon and become more obvious with supine positon. Examinaton and growth parameter are normal. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Nasal atresia
B. Laryngomalacia
C. Subglotc stenosis
D. Vocal cord paralysis
B. Laryngomalacia
A 3-month-old infant with noisy breath since birth change with positoning tends to disappears in prone positon and become more obvious with supine positon. Examinaton and growth parameter are normal. The mother concerned about this sound. Which of the following is the most appropriate counselling should be given?
A. Will worsen with time
B. Needs surgical correction
C. Normal developmental sounds
D. Will improve by her first birthday
D. Will improve by her first birthday
An 8-month-old infant with recurrent wheeze and distress resistance to asthma management and required multple hospitalizatons. Afer detailed history and examinaton, his pediatrician suspects tracheomalacia. Which of the following has the highest diagnostc value?
A. Chest CT
B. Chest X-ray
C. Fluoroscopy
D. Bronchoscopy
D. Bronchoscopy
An 8-year-old boy being evaluated for short stature that includes detailed history and careful examinaton. Which of the following is the most important bedside test of highest diagnostc value? A. Dipstck urinalysis B. Portable spirometry C. Arm circumference **D. Mid-parental target height
An 8-year-old boy being evaluated for short stature that includes detailed history and careful examinaton. Which of the following is the most important bedside test of highest diagnostc value?
A. Dipstck urinalysis
B. Portable spirometry
C. Arm circumference
D. Mid-parental target height
D. Mid-parental target height
A 13-year-old girl screened for sport partcipaton found to have delayed puberty and short stature. On examinaton, she was found to have webbed neck and wide shield-like chest. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Noonan syndrome
B. Turner syndrome
C. Growth hormone defciency D. Consttutonal short stature
B. Turner syndrome
A 13-year-old girl screened for delayed puberty and short stature. On examinaton, she found to have webbed neck and wide shield-like chest. Which of the following tests has the highest diagnostcs value?
A. Pelvic ultrasound
B. Bone age imaging
C. Growth hormone level
D. Chromosomal analysis
D. Chromosomal analysis
A 3-week-old boy infant presents to Emergency Room with history of vomitng and lethargy. He is hypoactve with motled skin and no focus of infecton. Perinatal history was unremarkable (see lab results). Blood pressure 50/30 mmHg Heart rate 180 /min Respiratory rate 56 /min Temperature 36.6 °C Oxygen saturaton 95 %
Test Result Normal Values Sodium 122 134-146 mol/L Potassium 6.2 3.5-5.1 mmol/L Chloride 100 97-108 mmol/L Bicarbonate 21 21-28 mmol/L Calcium total 2.4 2.2-2.7 mmol/L Calcium ionised 1.5 1.2-1.3 mmol/L Blood urea nitrogen 3 0.7-6.7 mmol/L (Newborn) 1.8 to 6.4 mmol/L (Child) Creatnine 44 27-88 mol/L (Newborn) 27-62 umol/L (Child) Glucose 1.2 2.8-5 mmol/L (Newborn) 3.3 -5.5 mmol/L (Child) Which of the following is the most likely defnitve treatment?
A. Antibiotics
B. Fluid and dextrose
C. Dextrose and intralipid
D. Cortisone and hormonal therapy
D. Cortisone and hormonal therapy
A 9-year-old child presents to Emergency Department with hypovolemic shock. Parents gave history of recent brain surgery and the child has polyurea and increased thirst since then (see lab results). Blood pressure 70/40 mmg Heart rate 136 /min Respiratory rate 18 /min Temperature 36.6 °C Oxygen saturaton 95 % Test Result Normal Values ABG HCO3- 20 13-22 mmol/L ABG PCO2 35 27-40 mmHg рн 7.37 7.36-7.45 ABG PO2 88 8-24 mmHg (Newborn) 55-80 mmg (Child) Base access -6 -2 to 2 mmol/L Sodium 177 134-146 mol/L Potassium 4 3.5-5.1 mol/L Chloride 140 97-108 mmol/L Bicarbonate 20 21-28 mmol/L Blood urea nitrogen 8 0.7-6.7 mmol/L (Newborn) 1.8 to 6.4 mmol/L (Child) Creatnine 60 27-88 mol/L. (Newborn) 27-62 mol/L. (Child) Glucose 4.5 2.8-5 mmol/L (Newborn) 3.3 -5.5 mmol/L (Child) Color colorless clear or light yellow Appearance Clear clear Specifc gravity 1003 1001-1030 Ketones absent Absent
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Diabetic ketoacidosis
B. Diabetes insipidus
C. Renal tubelur acidosis
D. Syndrome of inappropriate antdiuretc hormone secreton
B. Diabetes insipidus
A 9-year-old child presents to Emergency Department with hypovolemic shock. Parents gave history of recent brain surgery and child has polyurea and increased thirst since then (see lab results). Blood pressure 70/50 mmH Heart rate 122 /min Respiratory rate 18 /min Temperature 36.6 °C Oxygen saturaton 95 % Test Result Normal Values ABG HCO3- 22 13-22 mmol/L ABG PCO2 36 27-40 mmHg pH 7.37 7.36-7.45 Sodium 167 134-146 mmol/L Potassium 4.5 3.5-5.1 mmol/L Chloride 122 97-108 mmol/L Bicarbonate 22 21-28 mmol/L Color colorless clear or light yellow Appearance Clear clear Specifc gravity 1004 1001-1030 Ketones absent Absent Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment?
A. Desmopressin replacement
B. Insulin replacement regime
C. Free water replacement
D. Fluid and caloric control
A. Desmopressin replacement
What is the best tme to start educatng new mothers about breasteeding?
A. Afer delivery
B. Last trimester
C. Second trimester
D. Before planning for pregnancy
D. Before planning for pregnancy
A full-term baby delivered normal vaginal delivery, received inital care and ready to be discharged home. Which of the following vaccines should be given before discharge?
A. BCG and HBV
B. HBV and MMR
C. BCG and DaP
D. MMR and DTaP
A. BCG and HBV
An infant presents to Well Baby Clinic. She can keep her head up unsupported and need back support to set. She can smile and can reach mouth. What is the developmental age in months?
A. 3
B. 5
C. 7
D. 9
B. 5
A 2-month-old infant with no risk factor screened in Well Baby Clinic. Which of the following measures need to be screened?
A. Autism
B. Lead level
C. Body mass index
D. Head circumference
D. Head circumference
What is the recommended age (in months) to screen for haemoglobin level in infant with no risk factors?
A. 6
B. 12
C. 18
D. 24
B. 12
A newborn delivered normally and discharged with the mother next day. What is the recommended sensory screening should be performed?
A. Hearing
B. Vision
C. Hearing and vision
D. Depends on clinical exam
A. Hearing
A 2-week-old infant seen in the clinic. Rubbing side of the mouth with tp of the litle fnger is one of the primitve refexes (see image). Which of the following is the name of this refex?
A. Moro
B. Rooting
C. Sucking
D. Parachute
B. Rooting
A 2-week-old infant seen in the clinic. Rubbing side of his mouth with tp of the litle fnger is one of the primitve refexes (see image). What is expected age (in months) for this refex to disappear?
A. 2
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8
B. 4
A 5-year-old boy is brought to the clinic by his mother. She is concerned of bed-wetng overnight despite toilet training, compared to his sister when she was in his age she controls herself. Untl what age this is considered as a normal behaviour?
A. 5
B. 6
C. 7
D. 8
B. 6
A 3-year-old child presents with history of increasing eye pufness for 1 week especially in the morning. He has had fu-like illness 2 week ago. On examinaton, he looks well, not in distress and no lower limb edema. Eye, chest and abdomen exams are normal (see lab results). Blood pressure 110/70 mmg Heart rate 76 /min Respiratory rate 18/min
Temperature 36.6 °C Oxygen saturaton 95 % Test Result Normal Values Color Clear clear or light yellow Protein +4 Absent Glucose Absent Absent Leukocytes 0 0-3 per high power feld Erythrocytes 0 0-2 per high power feld Which of the following has highest diagnostc value?
A. Serum albumin
B. Renal ultrasound
C. Serum electrolytes
D. Unine total protein
A. Serum albumin
An 11-year-old boy is brought to the clinic by his mother. She is concerned of bed-wetng overnight despite toilet training and several sessions of discussion. He feels a shamed and asked help from his family and physician. Which of the following is the best management?
A. Avoid punishment
B. Desmopressin intra-nasal
C. Alarm beds with positve reinforcement
D. Family centred approach and techniques
D. Family centred approach and techniques