Pedia Hema Flashcards
What is anemia?
A reduction in red cell mass or blood hemoglobin concentration.
What factors affect skin color?
Hemoglobin concentration, vessel constriction or dilation, pigmentation, and subcutaneous fluid.
What are the symptoms of hemoglobin levels between 9-11 g/dL?
Little to no dysfunction.
What are common causes of chronic anemia?
Hereditary bleeding disorders, hemolytic disorders, and systemic infections.
What causes hemolytic anemia in newborns?
ABO and Rh incompatibility.
What is the most common cause of anemia in children?
Iron deficiency anemia.
What are the effects of iron deficiency anemia?
Growth retardation, epithelial changes, weakness, and fatigue.
What are the stages of iron deficiency?
Pre-latent iron deficiency, latent iron deficiency, frank iron deficiency.
What is hemolytic anemia?
Anemia resulting from an increased rate of red cell destruction.
What are the two types of hemolysis?
Intravascular and extravascular.
What is hereditary spherocytosis?
A genetic defect causing defects in erythrocyte membrane proteins, leading to spherical red blood cells.
What is glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency?
A genetic enzyme deficiency that leads to hemolytic anemia, often triggered by certain drugs or infections.
What are the common bleeding disorders in pediatric patients?
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura, hemophilia, and disseminated intravascular coagulation.
What factors influence neonatal erythropoiesis?
Gestational age, maternal factors, and acquired diseases of the newborn.
What is physiologic anemia in newborns?
A natural decline in hemoglobin levels after birth, not requiring transfusion.
What causes polycythemia in neonates?
Maternal-fetal transfusion, delayed cord clamping, and twin-twin transfusion syndrome.
What are the stages of dengue hemorrhagic fever?
Febrile stage, toxic stage, and convalescent stage.
What are common signs of dengue hemorrhagic fever?
Sustained high fever, thrombocytopenia, plasma leakage, and bleeding.
What are the high-risk patients for dengue complications?
Infants, patients with prolonged shock, massive bleeding, and obesity.
What is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
A severe disorder characterized by abnormal clotting and bleeding, triggered by conditions like sepsis and prolonged shock.
What is the primary cause of anemia in premature infants?
Decreased red blood cell production and shorter red cell lifespan.
What is neonatal jaundice?
A yellowing of the skin and eyes due to excess bilirubin, typically peaking between day 2 and 3 of life.
What is kernicterus?
A type of brain damage that can occur in newborns with severe jaundice.
What is hemolytic uremic syndrome?
A condition characterized by hemolytic anemia, acute kidney failure, and low platelet count.
What are the stages of clinical presentation for dengue?
Febrile, toxic, and convalescent.
What are the components of hemostasis?
Vascular phase, platelet phase, and plasma phase.
What is the most common coagulation disorder in children?
Hemophilia, typically caused by a deficiency in Factor VIII or IX.
What is immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)?
An autoimmune disorder leading to low platelet counts and increased risk of bleeding.
What is the treatment for hemophilia?
Replacement of the missing clotting factors, typically Factor VIII or IX.
What are common signs of anemia in children?
Pallor, fatigue, weakness, tachycardia, and growth retardation.
What is the role of erythropoietin in anemia?
It stimulates red blood cell production in response to low oxygen levels.
What are the key lab tests for evaluating anemia?
Complete blood count (CBC), reticulocyte count, and peripheral smear.
What causes megaloblastic anemia?
Vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency.
What is hereditary elliptocytosis?
A genetic disorder where red blood cells are elliptical in shape, leading to hemolysis.
What is the most common inherited bleeding disorder?
Von Willebrand disease.
What is the role of a peripheral smear in diagnosing hematologic disorders?
It helps identify abnormal shapes, sizes, and types of blood cells.
What are the components of blood transfusion therapy?
Packed red blood cells (PRBC), platelets, fresh frozen plasma (FFP), and cryoprecipitate.
What is the recommended dose for packed red blood cell transfusion in neonates?
10-15 mL/kg.
What are the common complications of blood transfusion?
Fever, allergic reactions, hemolysis, and infection transmission.
What are the signs of transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)?
Acute respiratory distress within 6 hours of blood transfusion.
What is the function of platelets in the body?
Platelets help with clot formation to stop bleeding.
What are the indications for platelet transfusion?
Platelet counts below 50,000/µL or active bleeding.
What is the primary treatment for disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
Treating the underlying cause and supportive care, including blood products.
What is neonatal erythropoiesis?
The production of red blood cells in the neonate, which begins in the liver and later shifts to the bone marrow.
What are the characteristics of neonatal red blood cells?
Shorter lifespan, higher susceptibility to oxidative damage, and larger size (macrocytic).
What is the recommended treatment for G6PD deficiency?
Avoid triggers such as certain drugs and infections, and provide supportive care during hemolytic episodes.
What are the common causes of neonatal jaundice?
Physiologic jaundice, ABO/Rh incompatibility, and G6PD deficiency.
What is the most common cause of iron deficiency in children?
Inadequate dietary intake and chronic blood loss.
What are the stages of iron deficiency anemia?
Pre-latent, latent, and frank iron deficiency.
What is the role of transferrin in the body?
Transferrin transports iron in the blood.
What is hemophagocytosis?
The destruction of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets by macrophages, commonly seen in severe infections.
What is reactive thrombocytosis?
An increase in platelet count in response to anemia or infection.
What are the complications of untreated iron deficiency anemia?
Delayed growth and development, increased infection risk, and impaired cognitive function.
What is the role of folic acid in red blood cell production?
Folic acid is essential for DNA synthesis and proper red blood cell formation.
What are the indications for blood transfusion in children?
Severe anemia, signs of cardiac decompensation, and acute blood loss.
What are the laboratory signs of hemolysis?
Increased serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), decreased haptoglobin, and hemoglobinuria.
What is neonatal jaundice caused by G6PD deficiency?
Jaundice that occurs on the 2nd or 3rd day of life due to red blood cell breakdown.
What are the indications for fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfusion?
Coagulopathy, active bleeding, and replacement of clotting factors.
What is von Willebrand disease?
A genetic disorder causing abnormal platelet function and prolonged bleeding.
What are the symptoms of dengue hemorrhagic fever?
Sustained fever, bleeding, plasma leakage, and thrombocytopenia.
What is the treatment for neonatal jaundice?
Phototherapy or exchange transfusion if severe.
What are the signs of severe anemia in children?
Fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath, and tachycardia.
What is the role of bone marrow in hematopoiesis?
The bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
What are the causes of thrombocytopenia in children?
Viral infections, immune disorders, bone marrow failure, and drug reactions.
What are the functions of hemoglobin?
To carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and to return carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.
What is polycythemia?
An abnormally high concentration of red blood cells in the blood.
What is neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia?
A condition where the mother’s immune system attacks the baby’s platelets, causing low platelet counts.
What are the common symptoms of bleeding disorders?
Easy bruising, frequent nosebleeds, prolonged bleeding after injury, and heavy menstrual periods.
What are the causes of splenomegaly in children?
Infections, hemolytic anemias, liver diseases, and blood cancers.
What is the role of reticulocytes in diagnosing anemia?
An elevated reticulocyte count indicates increased red blood cell production.
