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Pediatrics > Pedia Hema > Flashcards

Pedia Hema Flashcards

1
Q

What is anemia?

A

A reduction in red cell mass or blood hemoglobin concentration.

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2
Q

What factors affect skin color?

A

Hemoglobin concentration, vessel constriction or dilation, pigmentation, and subcutaneous fluid.

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3
Q

What are the symptoms of hemoglobin levels between 9-11 g/dL?

A

Little to no dysfunction.

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4
Q

What are common causes of chronic anemia?

A

Hereditary bleeding disorders, hemolytic disorders, and systemic infections.

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5
Q

What causes hemolytic anemia in newborns?

A

ABO and Rh incompatibility.

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6
Q

What is the most common cause of anemia in children?

A

Iron deficiency anemia.

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7
Q

What are the effects of iron deficiency anemia?

A

Growth retardation, epithelial changes, weakness, and fatigue.

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8
Q

What are the stages of iron deficiency?

A

Pre-latent iron deficiency, latent iron deficiency, frank iron deficiency.

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9
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

Anemia resulting from an increased rate of red cell destruction.

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10
Q

What are the two types of hemolysis?

A

Intravascular and extravascular.

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11
Q

What is hereditary spherocytosis?

A

A genetic defect causing defects in erythrocyte membrane proteins, leading to spherical red blood cells.

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12
Q

What is glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency?

A

A genetic enzyme deficiency that leads to hemolytic anemia, often triggered by certain drugs or infections.

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13
Q

What are the common bleeding disorders in pediatric patients?

A

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura, hemophilia, and disseminated intravascular coagulation.

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14
Q

What factors influence neonatal erythropoiesis?

A

Gestational age, maternal factors, and acquired diseases of the newborn.

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15
Q

What is physiologic anemia in newborns?

A

A natural decline in hemoglobin levels after birth, not requiring transfusion.

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16
Q

What causes polycythemia in neonates?

A

Maternal-fetal transfusion, delayed cord clamping, and twin-twin transfusion syndrome.

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17
Q

What are the stages of dengue hemorrhagic fever?

A

Febrile stage, toxic stage, and convalescent stage.

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18
Q

What are common signs of dengue hemorrhagic fever?

A

Sustained high fever, thrombocytopenia, plasma leakage, and bleeding.

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19
Q

What are the high-risk patients for dengue complications?

A

Infants, patients with prolonged shock, massive bleeding, and obesity.

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20
Q

What is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?

A

A severe disorder characterized by abnormal clotting and bleeding, triggered by conditions like sepsis and prolonged shock.

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21
Q

What is the primary cause of anemia in premature infants?

A

Decreased red blood cell production and shorter red cell lifespan.

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22
Q

What is neonatal jaundice?

A

A yellowing of the skin and eyes due to excess bilirubin, typically peaking between day 2 and 3 of life.

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23
Q

What is kernicterus?

A

A type of brain damage that can occur in newborns with severe jaundice.

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24
Q

What is hemolytic uremic syndrome?

A

A condition characterized by hemolytic anemia, acute kidney failure, and low platelet count.

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25
Q

What are the stages of clinical presentation for dengue?

A

Febrile, toxic, and convalescent.

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26
Q

What are the components of hemostasis?

A

Vascular phase, platelet phase, and plasma phase.

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27
Q

What is the most common coagulation disorder in children?

A

Hemophilia, typically caused by a deficiency in Factor VIII or IX.

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28
Q

What is immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)?

A

An autoimmune disorder leading to low platelet counts and increased risk of bleeding.

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29
Q

What is the treatment for hemophilia?

A

Replacement of the missing clotting factors, typically Factor VIII or IX.

30
Q

What are common signs of anemia in children?

A

Pallor, fatigue, weakness, tachycardia, and growth retardation.

31
Q

What is the role of erythropoietin in anemia?

A

It stimulates red blood cell production in response to low oxygen levels.

32
Q

What are the key lab tests for evaluating anemia?

A

Complete blood count (CBC), reticulocyte count, and peripheral smear.

33
Q

What causes megaloblastic anemia?

A

Vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency.

34
Q

What is hereditary elliptocytosis?

A

A genetic disorder where red blood cells are elliptical in shape, leading to hemolysis.

35
Q

What is the most common inherited bleeding disorder?

A

Von Willebrand disease.

36
Q

What is the role of a peripheral smear in diagnosing hematologic disorders?

A

It helps identify abnormal shapes, sizes, and types of blood cells.

37
Q

What are the components of blood transfusion therapy?

A

Packed red blood cells (PRBC), platelets, fresh frozen plasma (FFP), and cryoprecipitate.

38
Q

What is the recommended dose for packed red blood cell transfusion in neonates?

A

10-15 mL/kg.

39
Q

What are the common complications of blood transfusion?

A

Fever, allergic reactions, hemolysis, and infection transmission.

40
Q

What are the signs of transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)?

A

Acute respiratory distress within 6 hours of blood transfusion.

41
Q

What is the function of platelets in the body?

A

Platelets help with clot formation to stop bleeding.

42
Q

What are the indications for platelet transfusion?

A

Platelet counts below 50,000/µL or active bleeding.

43
Q

What is the primary treatment for disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?

A

Treating the underlying cause and supportive care, including blood products.

44
Q

What is neonatal erythropoiesis?

A

The production of red blood cells in the neonate, which begins in the liver and later shifts to the bone marrow.

45
Q

What are the characteristics of neonatal red blood cells?

A

Shorter lifespan, higher susceptibility to oxidative damage, and larger size (macrocytic).

46
Q

What is the recommended treatment for G6PD deficiency?

A

Avoid triggers such as certain drugs and infections, and provide supportive care during hemolytic episodes.

47
Q

What are the common causes of neonatal jaundice?

A

Physiologic jaundice, ABO/Rh incompatibility, and G6PD deficiency.

48
Q

What is the most common cause of iron deficiency in children?

A

Inadequate dietary intake and chronic blood loss.

49
Q

What are the stages of iron deficiency anemia?

A

Pre-latent, latent, and frank iron deficiency.

50
Q

What is the role of transferrin in the body?

A

Transferrin transports iron in the blood.

51
Q

What is hemophagocytosis?

A

The destruction of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets by macrophages, commonly seen in severe infections.

52
Q

What is reactive thrombocytosis?

A

An increase in platelet count in response to anemia or infection.

53
Q

What are the complications of untreated iron deficiency anemia?

A

Delayed growth and development, increased infection risk, and impaired cognitive function.

54
Q

What is the role of folic acid in red blood cell production?

A

Folic acid is essential for DNA synthesis and proper red blood cell formation.

55
Q

What are the indications for blood transfusion in children?

A

Severe anemia, signs of cardiac decompensation, and acute blood loss.

56
Q

What are the laboratory signs of hemolysis?

A

Increased serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), decreased haptoglobin, and hemoglobinuria.

57
Q

What is neonatal jaundice caused by G6PD deficiency?

A

Jaundice that occurs on the 2nd or 3rd day of life due to red blood cell breakdown.

58
Q

What are the indications for fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfusion?

A

Coagulopathy, active bleeding, and replacement of clotting factors.

59
Q

What is von Willebrand disease?

A

A genetic disorder causing abnormal platelet function and prolonged bleeding.

60
Q

What are the symptoms of dengue hemorrhagic fever?

A

Sustained fever, bleeding, plasma leakage, and thrombocytopenia.

61
Q

What is the treatment for neonatal jaundice?

A

Phototherapy or exchange transfusion if severe.

62
Q

What are the signs of severe anemia in children?

A

Fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath, and tachycardia.

63
Q

What is the role of bone marrow in hematopoiesis?

A

The bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

64
Q

What are the causes of thrombocytopenia in children?

A

Viral infections, immune disorders, bone marrow failure, and drug reactions.

65
Q

What are the functions of hemoglobin?

A

To carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and to return carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

66
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

An abnormally high concentration of red blood cells in the blood.

67
Q

What is neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia?

A

A condition where the mother’s immune system attacks the baby’s platelets, causing low platelet counts.

68
Q

What are the common symptoms of bleeding disorders?

A

Easy bruising, frequent nosebleeds, prolonged bleeding after injury, and heavy menstrual periods.

69
Q

What are the causes of splenomegaly in children?

A

Infections, hemolytic anemias, liver diseases, and blood cancers.

70
Q

What is the role of reticulocytes in diagnosing anemia?

A

An elevated reticulocyte count indicates increased red blood cell production.

Pediatrics (2 decks)

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