Nephro

Question 1

production of Angiotensin II when
there is fall in intravascular volume

Answer 1

Renin

Question 2

Eyes widely separated with epicanthal folds
o Ears low set
o Nose broad and compressed flat due to
oligohydramnios
o Chin receding
o Limb anomalies

Answer 2

Potter facies

Question 3

Increased in those with SINGLE UMBILICAL
ARTERY

Answer 3

Unilateral renal agenesis

Question 4

Associated with ipsilateral vaginal agenesis in
Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser Syndrome

Answer 4

Unilateral renal agenesis

Question 5

Most common cause of abdominal mass in newborn
• Contralateral Hydronephrosis present in 5-10%
• Confirm diagnosis with Renal Scan

Answer 5

MULTICYSTIC DYSPLASTIC KIDNEY (MCDK)

Question 6

Autosomal dominant inheritance
advise screening first-degree relatives of
individuals identified with Renal Agenesis or Dysplasia

Answer 6

FAMILIAL RENAL ADYSPLASIA

Question 7

Seen in 7% of patients with Turner Syndrome • Wilms’ Tumor development is 4x more common • Increased incidence of MCDK

Answer 7

HORSESHOE KIDNEYS

Question 8

MOST COMMON FUNCTIONAL ANOMALY OF THE KIDNEYS

Answer 8

PRIMARY VESICOURETERAL REFLUX (VUR)

Question 9

MOST COMMON FUNCTIONAL ANOMALY OF THE KIDNEYS

Answer 9

PRIMARY VESICOURETERAL REFLUX (VUR)

Question 10

accounts
for 5-10% of children and adults
with End-Stage Renal Failure

Answer 10

Reflux nephropathy

Question 11

Most common cause of severe obstructive uropathy in
children

Answer 11

POSTERIOR URETHRAL VALVES (PUV)

Question 12

MOST SENSITIVE AND ACCURATE study for demonstrating Renal Scarring,

Answer 12

DMSA - renal cortical scintigraphy

Question 13

Treatment for Acute Cystitis
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole

Answer 13

Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (8-
10 MG TMP/kg/24 hr in 2 divided doses), 3-5 day course, effective against most E. coli

Question 14

Treatment for Acute Cystitis

Nitrofurantoin

Answer 14

(5-7 mg/kg/24 hr in 3-4
divided doses) effective even for Klebsiella-Enterobacter organism

Question 15

Treatment for Acute Pyelonephritis

Parenteral Antibiotic Treatment:
a. Ceftriaxone

Answer 15

Drug of choice for oral therapy
50-75 mg/kg/24 hr not to
exceed 2 gm)

Question 16

Treatment for Acute Pyelonephritis

Parenteral Antibiotic Treatment:
Ampicillin

Answer 16

100 mg/kg/24 hr)

Question 17

Parenteral antibiotic Treatment

+ aminoglycoside

Answer 17

Gentamicin : 3-5 mg/kg/24 hr in 1-3 divided doses)

Question 18

alternative for resistant organisms
especially Pseudomonas in >17 years

Answer 18

Oral Fluoroquinolone Ciprofloxacin

Question 19

What is Acute Lobar Nephronia or Nephritis?

Answer 19

Localized renal bacterial infection involving >1 lobe either a complication of Pyelonephritis or Early Renal Abscess

Manifestations identical to Pyelonephritis

Question 20

What is a Renal Abscess?

Answer 20

Following Pyelonephritis or secondary to Primary Bacteremia (Staph. Aureus)
WBC markedly elevated to >20,000-25,000/mm3

Question 21

What is a Perinephric Abscess?

Answer 21

Secondary to contiguous infection such as in Vertebral Osteomyelitis or Psoas Abscess or Pyelonephritis
Dissected Renal Capsule

Question 22

What is Acute Hemorrhagic Cystitis?

Answer 22

Often by E. coli but also Adenovirus types 11 and 21
Adenovirus more common in males
Self-limiting with hematuria lasting about 4 days

Question 23

What is Interstitial Cystitis?

Answer 23

Irritating voiding symptoms (urgency, frequency, dysuria and bladder/pelvic pain) relieved by voiding with (-) urine culture
Idiopathic, most likely in adolescent girls
Diagnosis by cystoscopic observation of mucosal ulcers with bladder distention
Treatments include bladder hydrodistension and laser ablation of ulcers

Question 24

What is Eosinophilic Cystitis?

Answer 24

Rare, in children exposed to an allergen
Cystitis with hematuria, ureteral dilatation, occasional hydronephrosis and filling defects in bladder caused by masses of inflammatory infiltrates with eosinophils
Bladder biopsy often necessary to rule out neoplasm
Treatment: Antihistamines and NSAIDs, in some, Intravesical Dimethyl Sulfoxide instillation necessary

Question 25

What is Recurrent UTI?

Answer 25

Beneficial to identify predisposing factors like voiding dysfunction or severe constipation
Counseling may help

Question 26

MOST COMMON Chronic Glomerular
Disease worldwide
• More often seen in males than females, 2:1

Answer 26

IgA NEPHROPATHY (BERGER’S DISEASE)

Question 27

Characteristic presence of vacuolated “FOAM CELLS” in
Glomeruli in light microscopy

Answer 27

ALPORT SYNDROME (HEREDITARY NEPHRITIS WITH DEAFNESS)

Question 28

Most common cause of Chronic GN in older
children and young adults

Answer 28

MEMBRANOPROLIFERATIVE GN (MPGN)

Question 29

Hallmark: persistently low C3, >6-8 weeks

Answer 29

MEMBRANOPROLIFERATIVE GN (MPGN)

Question 30

name comes from thickened
capillary walls due to comb-like deposits of IgG and C3 called “SPIKES”

Answer 30

MEMBRANOUS NEPHROPATHY (MGN)

Question 31

Gold Standard for Diagnosis of renovascular hypertension

Answer 31

CONVENTIONAL and
INTRAARTERIAL
DIGITAL
SUBTRACTION
ANGIOGRAPHY (Selective Renal Arteriogram)

Question 32

MOST
COMMON malignant renal neoplasm in
children and adolescents

Answer 32

Wilm’s tumor

Question 33

most common malignant abdominal
tumor in childhood

Answer 33

2 - Wilm’s tumor

Neuroblastoma