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Anatomy 2 > Pectoral Region, Shoulder > Flashcards

Pectoral Region, Shoulder Flashcards

1
Q

Somite

A
  • originate during 3rd week of embryogenesis
  • day 20 = mesoderm differentiates
  • after day 20 = differentiates into 44 pairs of somites (change into 31 sets of spinal nerves)
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2
Q

Somite Subdivisions

A
  • sclerotome = bone and cartilage
  • syndetome = (from sclerotome) tendon and ligament
  • dermomyotome = dermatome and myotome (segmental innervation)
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3
Q

Formation of Limb Buds

A
  • 4th week of development = upper limb buds appear as elevations of C5-T1
  • cranial to caudal
  • about a week later = lower limb buds appear as L2-S2 segments
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4
Q

Progression of Limb Buds

A
  • distal limb buds flatten (palms/soles anterior + thumb/great toe cranial)
  • flexures: limbs bend anteriorly, elbow/knee are directed laterally, palm/sole directed toward trunk
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5
Q

Torsion of Limb Buds

A
  • end of 7th week
  • proximal parts of upper and lower limbs undergo a 90 degree torsion in opposite directions
  • elbow = caudal; knee = cranial
  • in lower limb, permanent pronation (twisting) of leg so foot becomes oriented w/ great toe on medial side
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6
Q

Formation of Digits

A
  • mesenchyme condenses into plates, forming cartilaginous models of future digital bones
  • interdigital spaces sculpted by cellular apoptosis
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7
Q

Syndactyly

A

fusion of 2 or more digits

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8
Q

Polydactyly

A

extra digits, typically occurs bilaterally

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9
Q

Macrodactyly

A

enlarged digits

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10
Q

Adactyly

A

absence of digits

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11
Q

Ectrodactyly

A

“lobster-claw deformity”, typically missing middle digit, typically occurs unilaterally

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12
Q

Amelia

A

complete absence of one or more extremities

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13
Q

Meromelia

A

partial absence of one or more extremities

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14
Q

Phocomelia

A

shortened lower extremities

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15
Q

Radial Longitudinal Deficiency

A

radius is shortened

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16
Q

Synovial Joint

A
  • distal ends of two bones articulate
  • articular cartilalge
  • capsule made of outer fibrous and inner synovial membrane
  • fluid-filled … synovial fluid (lubrication)
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17
Q

Functional Joint

A
  • no joint cavity
  • held together by soft tissues
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18
Q

Joints of UE

A
  • glenohumeral (GH)
  • acromioclavicular (AC)
  • sternoclavicular (SC)
  • scapulothroacic (ST) = functional
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19
Q

What 3 muscles attach to the coracoid process?

A

coracobrachialis, short head of biceps brachii, pectoralis minor

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20
Q

What travels through the radial groove?

A

radial nerve, deep profunda brachial artery

21
Q

Triarticulate

A

works across 3 joints
ex: triceps brachii (long head), biceps brachii

22
Q

ABCS

A

aorta > brachiocephalic trunk > common carotid artery > subclavian artery

23
Q

UE Vasculature

A
  • subclavian a. > (1st rib) axillary a. > (teres major) brachial a.
  • branches = suprascapular a., circumflex humeral a. (posterior + anterior), subscapular a., profunda brachii a.
24
Q

Arterial Anastomoses

A
  • all of the arteries are interconnected around the scapula
  • can sprout new connections w/ each other that will bypass any blockages/occlusions
25
Q

Shoulder Flexion

A
  • prime movers = anterior deltoid, coracobrachialis
  • secondary = pectoralis major (clavicular head), biceps brachii (long head)
26
Q

Shoulder Extension

A
  • prime movers = latissimus dorsi, teres major, posterior deltoid
  • secondary = pectoralis major (sternal head), triceps brachii (long head)
27
Q

Shoulder Abduction

A

middle deltoid, supraspinatus

28
Q

Shoulder Adduction

A

latissimus dorsi, teres major, coracobrachialis, triceps brachii (long head)

29
Q

Shoulder External Rotation

A
  • prime movers = infraspinatus, teres minor
  • secondary = posterior deltoid
30
Q

Shoulder Internal Rotation

A
  • prime movers = subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major
  • secondary = anterior deltoid
31
Q

Shoulder Horizontal Abduction

A

posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, teres minor, teres major

32
Q

Shoulder Horizontal Adduction

A
  • prime movers = pectoralis major
  • secondary = anterior deltoid, coracobrachialis
33
Q

Common Order of RC Tendon Injury

A

SITS
supraspinatus > infraspinatus > teres minor > subscapularis

34
Q

Suprascapular Nerve Entrapment

A
  • nerve travels through suprascapular notch
  • thickened (superior transverse scapular) ligament can compress nerve
  • muscles are weakened and can experience atrophy (supraspinatus, infraspinatus)
35
Q

3 Types of Acromion

A

type I = flat
type II = curved
type III = hooked

36
Q

Types of Rotator Cuff Tears (RCT)

A
  • articular side = under-side, partial
  • bursal side = top-side, partial
  • full thickness = all the way through the tendon
37
Q

Glenoid Labrum

A
  • fibrocartilaginous “O” ring
  • deepens shallow socket
  • connected to long head of biceps brachii
38
Q

SLAP Injury

A
  • superior labrum anterior posterior
  • “peel-back” … tendon of LHB pulls labrum off bone
39
Q

Scapulohumeral Rhythm (SHR)

A

coordinated movement b/w ST joint and GH joint during arm elevation
- ST = upward rotation, protraction, posterior tilt
- GH = external rotation
- clavicle = elevation, rotation backwards

40
Q

SHR

A
  • total GH abduction = 180 degrees
  • 2:1 ratio GHJ to STJ
  • early phase = initial 30, little to no ST motion
  • mid phase = 30 to 120, more 1:1
  • late phase = 120 to 180, 2-3:1
41
Q

GHJ Ligaments

A
  • coracohumeral = greatest stiffness
  • superior GHL = limits inferior translation + ER
  • middle GHL = limits anterior translation
  • inferior GHL = “hammock”
  • tightest at 90/90
42
Q

Shoulder Instability

A
  • GH capsule is stretched out
  • “born loose” = bilateral
  • “torn loose” = unilateral
43
Q

Bursa

A
  • synovial membrane protrudes through aperture in fibrous membrane
  • b/w tendons and fibrous membrane
  • subdeltoid (subacromial), subscapular
44
Q

Sternoclavicular (SC) Joint

A
  • synovial saddle type
  • head of clavicle articulates w/ clavicular notch
  • fibrocartilage articular disc
  • 3 degrees of freedom = elevation/depression, protraction/retraction, posterior/anterior rotation
45
Q

SCJ Ligaments

A
  • anterior + posterior SC ligament = limits excessive A/P motion
  • costoclavicular ligament = limits clavicular elevation and superior glide
  • interclavicular ligament = limits excessive depression/downward glide
46
Q

Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint

A
  • synovial plane
  • 3 degrees of freedom
  • weak joint capsule
  • acromion is slightly inferior to distal clavicle
47
Q

Coracoid Ligaments

A
  • coracoacromial ligament = roof of subacromial space
  • acromioclavicular ligament = stabilizes ACJ
  • coracoclavicular (trapezoid) ligament = most lateral; guides clavicle during rotation
  • coracoclavicular (conoid) ligament = triangular; prevents vertical displacement
48
Q

Dislocation of ACJ

A
  • “separated shoulder” = acromioclavicular ligament only
  • “paino key” = both AC and two CC ligaments rupture

Anatomy 2 (11 decks)

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