Pectoral region

Question 1

What is the median furrow

Answer 1

it is between the sternal attachments of the pectoralis major mm

Question 2

What is the sternal angle

Answer 2

angle made between manubrium and sternum at point of junction with second rib (TV4-TV5 vertebral disc space)

Question 3

What is the lateral border of pectoralis major

Answer 3

anterior axillary fold

Question 4

where is the deltopectoral triangle

Answer 4

space at the junction of the clavicle with the deltoid and pectoralis major mm

Question 5

where is the deltopectoral groove

Answer 5

between deltoid and pectoralis major mm

Question 6

What levels give rise to supraclavicular nerves

Answer 6

C3 C4 and anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of ventral rami of thoracic spinal nn

Question 7

what are the superficial arteries in pectoral region

Answer 7

anterior perforating aa of internal thoracic a and the lateral cutaneous branches from posterior intercostal aa

Question 8

where does cephalic vein join

Answer 8

costocoracoid membrane to join axillary v

Question 9

What happens to the breast during puberty

Answer 9

increase in the # of ducts and proliferation of glands

Question 10

What happens to breast when pregnant

Answer 10

increases glandular tissue dramatically

Question 11

Where do nipples develop along

Answer 11

milk line

Question 12

Where are nipples normally found in adult women

Answer 12

between 2nd and 6th ribs from lateral border of sternum to anterior or mid-axillary line

Question 13

what is the general shape of the breast

Answer 13

smooth conical with superolateral extension known as axillary tail

Question 14

Why is the skin of the areola irregularly elevated

Answer 14

areolar glands

Question 15

Describe the parenchyma of the breast

Answer 15

15-20 lobes composed of tubule-alveolar glands
pyramid shape apex toward nipple
each lobe drains into nipple via lactiferous duct

Question 16

What lays proximal to the openings of the lactiferous ducts

Answer 16

lactiferous sinus which serves as storage for secreted products

Question 17

Describe the supportive structures for the breast lobes specifically

Answer 17

surrounded by CT

Question 18

what type of CT surrounds entire mammary gland

Answer 18

loose CT

Question 19

Where is fat distributed in the breast

Answer 19

between glandular tissue and skin

Question 20

What are the suspensory ligaments of the breast?

Answer 20

collagen bundles within superficial fascia that run between skin and deep fascia “Cooper’s” ligaments

Question 21

What type of muscle is located on breast and what for

Answer 21

smooth mm around nipple and areola to act as sphincter for excretory ducts by rhythmic contraction, helps empty lactiferous ducts

Question 22

What type of modified gland are mammary glands

Answer 22

modified sweat glands

Question 23

What morphologic features are absent in mammary glands

Answer 23

no fibrous capsule, no “specialized” vascular, nerve supply or lymph drainage

Question 24

What arteries supply breasts

Answer 24

Internal thoracic sends perforation aa through intercostal spaces 2-4
lateral thoracic a sends direct branches
Anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of intercostal aa 3-5

Question 25

What veins drain breasts

Answer 25

venae comitantes of aa supply

send to internal thoracic lateral thoracic and intercostal vv

Question 26

Describe lymphatic drainage of breasts

Answer 26

follow vv drainage
75% to axillary lymph nodes
25% to parasternal nodes(internal to thorax paralleling internal thoracic a)

Question 27

Origin and Insertion of Pec Major

Answer 27

Origin: medial inferior border of clavicle, manubrium, sternum, costal cartilages 2-6, and external abdominal oblique aponeurosis
Insert: crest of greater tubercle of humerus

Question 28

What is the action of pec major

Answer 28

adducts and medially rotates the humerus; clavicular head flexes humerus

Question 29

What innervates pec major

Answer 29

medial and lateral pectoral nn of medial and lateral cord levels

Question 30

Origin and insertion of pec minor

Answer 30

origin: outer surface of ribs 3-5 sometimes 2-4
insertion: coracoid process of the scapula

Question 31

What is the action of pec minor

Answer 31

protracts and depresses the scapula (also access mm for respiration)

Question 32

What innervates pec minor

Answer 32

medial pec nerve off of medial cord

Question 33

Origin and insertion of subclavius

Answer 33

origin: upper border of 1st rib and costal cartilage
insertion: inferior surface of clavicle

Question 34

What is the action of subclavius m

Answer 34

pulls lateral end of clavicle downward and forward, thereby acting to resist excessive shoulder elevation and protraction

Question 35

What innervates subclavius

Answer 35

nerve to subclavius

Question 36

What makes up the clavipectoral fascia

Answer 36

costocoracoid membrane and suspensory lig of the axilla

Question 37

What is the clavipectoral fascia

Answer 37

fascia which envelopes the subclavius and pectoralis minor mm

Question 38

What is the costocoracoid membrane

Answer 38

term applied to the upper portion of the clavipectoral fascia (medial and lateral attachments)

Question 39

What structures pierce costocoracoid membrane

Answer 39

cephalic v
thoracoacromial a
lateral pec nerve

Question 40

what is the suspensory lig of axilla

Answer 40

lower portion of clavipectoral fascia after it sweeps both sides of pec minor to form single thickened sheet which terminates by fusing with the axillary fascia at floor of axilla

Question 41

What structure provides the dome like configuration to the floor of axilla

Answer 41

suspensory ligament of axilla