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Finals > Peadiatrics > Flashcards

Peadiatrics Flashcards

1
Q

causes of meningitis in neonates

A

Group B strep, s. pneumoniae, e. coli

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2
Q

causes of meningitis in children

A

neisseria meningitidis, H. influenza, s. pneumoniae

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3
Q

what causes slapped cheek and fever

A

erythema infectiosum (parvovirus B19)

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4
Q

diagnosis of kawasakis

A 
Mucosa - strawberry tongue, inflamed mouth
Hands - erythema
Eyes - bilateral conjunctivitis
Adenopathy - cervical
Rash 
Temperature >5/7
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5
Q

management of kawasakis

A

aspirin, IvIg

echo in 6 weeks - coronary artery aneurysm

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6
Q

maculopapular rash on face which spreads to trunk + low grade fever

A

rubella

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7
Q

cough and coryza, conjunctivitis, mucosal involvement ? and complications

A

measles (mucosa= koplik spots)

giant cell pneumonia and ecephalopathy

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8
Q

strawberry tongue and flushed face?

A

scarlet fever - strep A

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9
Q

what causes rheumatic fever and what are the criteria?

A

strep pyogenes

jones criteria:
arthralgia
pericarditis
fever
nodules
chorea
rash
raised ESR/CRP
ECG changes
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10
Q

acid-base problem in pyloric stenosis and investigation

A

hypokalemic hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis

test feed with USS

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11
Q

investigation and management of intussusception

A

USS- target sign
AXR - distended proximal bowel and reduced gas distally
contrast enema

air reduction/ surgery

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12
Q

management of GORD in babies

A 
breast feeding assessment
thickened formula
alginate 1-2 weeks
trial removing cows milk for 3 weeks
trial PPI/ H2RA
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13
Q

investigations in coeliac

A

anti TTG and endomysial Abs

jejunal biopsy - flat villi

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14
Q

investigations in hirshsprungs

A

DRE and suction rectal biopsy (no ganglion cells in submucosal and myenteric plexus)

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15
Q

what causes nephrotic syndrome and presentation in children

A

minimal change disease

periorbital oedema, genital/lg oedema, ascites, pulmonary oedema , proteinuria

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16
Q

what can trigger nephrotic syndrome in children

A

steroid sensitive - URTI

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17
Q

what symptoms does steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome cause

A

haematuria, decline in kidney function, thrombosis, hypovolaemia, hypercholesterolemia

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18
Q

presentation of HSP

A

purpuric rash on extensors
arthralgia
abdo pain
glomerulonephritis

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19
Q

what causes haemolytic uraemic syndrome and how does it present

A

e.coli - prodrome of bloody diarrhoea
microangiopathic haemolytic anemia
AKI
thrombocytopenia

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20
Q

teenager with myoclonic seizures in the mornings? management?

A

juvenile myoclonic epilepsy

sodium valproate - generalised

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21
Q

child having tonic clonic seizures most likely to be ..? management?

A

benign rolandic epilepsy

sodium valporate

22
Q

what is congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

AR inheritance - defective 21 hydroxylase enzyme
causes excess androgens
precocious puberty and virilisation of genitalia

23
Q

investigations in congenital adrenal hyperplasia and treatment

A

17 hydroxy-progesterone levels
low sodium
high potassium
hypoglycemia

hydrocortisone

24
Q

what causes a left to right shunt in heart and how do they generally present

A

ASD, VSD, PDA

heart failure / asymptomatic

25
Q

what do you hear on auscultation in ASD

A

ejection systolic at left sternal edge

26
Q

what do you hear on auscultation in VSD

A 
pansystolic murmur (loud = small, quiet =big)
loud 2nd heart sound
27
Q

what do you hear on auscultation in PDA

A

continuous machinery murmur under clavicle

28
Q

findings in coarctation of aorta

A

HTN , radio-femoral delay, weak femorals, ejection systolic murmur

29
Q

what are the cyanotic heart defects

A

complete AVSD
tetralogy of fallot
transposition of great vessels

30
Q

what is tetralogy of fallot

A 
pulmonary stenosis
RVH
overriding aorta
VSD
ejection systolic murmur
31
Q

management of transposition

A

prostaglandins

surgery

32
Q

complications of jaundice and management

A

kernicterus
transcutaneous bilirubinometer
phototherapy
exchange transfusion

33
Q

causes of neonatal jaundice

A

<24 hours: ABO incompatibility, rhesus, infection
>24h: physiological
2 weeks: biliary atresia

34
Q

what is pataeus

A

trisomy 13

brain defect, microcephaly, small eyes, cleft palate, cardiac and renal abnormalities

35
Q

what is edwards

A

trisomy 18

rocker bottom feet, small mouth and chin, short sternum, cardiac and renal abnormality

36
Q

what is turners

A

missing x chromosome in female (X0)

short, webbed neck, widely spaced nipples, delayed puberty, infertility

37
Q

what is kleinfelters

A

extra X, (XXY)

small testicles, infertility, tall, gynaecomastia

38
Q

what causes epiphyseal growth plates to fuse?

A

oestradiol and testosterone at puberty

39
Q

investigations for short stature

A

growth charts
left hand and wrist x ray
FBC, U+E, TFTs, Calcium, phosphate, GH, cortisol

40
Q

what is precocious puberty

A

secondary sexual characteristics by the age of 8 for girls and 9 for boys

41
Q

causes of precocious puberty

A

familial or pituitary adenoma if raised gonadotropins

CAH, adrenal tumours, gonadal tumour if normal gonadotropins (but raised sex hormones)

42
Q

when is puberty said to be delayed

A

absence of secondary characteristic by 13 for girls and 14 for boys

43
Q

what are the 5 areas of development

A

gross motor, fine motor and vision, speech, hearing and language, social and behavioural

44
Q

child with pain only on active movement following a viral infection?

A

transient synovitis

45
Q

an unwell child with fever, not weight bearing with leg held in flexion and abduction?

A

septic arthritis

joint aspiration and IV Abx

46
Q

child with antalgic gait of insidious onset with pain on internal rotation and abduction?

A

perthes disease- avascular necrosis of femoral head

47
Q

obese 12 year old who is not weight bearing with hip and knee pain, held in abduction and external rotation

A

slipperd upper fermoral epiphysis

48
Q

a small child with shortened leg that won’t abduct. ortolani and barlow’s test positive?

A

DDH

49
Q

diagnosis of JIA

A

> 6 weeks of joint pain and morning stiffness

50
Q

management of osteogenesis imperfecta

A

bisphosphonates

51
Q

maintenance fluids?

A

0.9% NaCl
5% glucose
10 mmol KCl

52
Q

fluid bolus in children? and what instances not to give

A

20ml/kg 0.9% NaCl

10ml/kg in trauma, DKA, neonates

Finals (18 decks)

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