Peacemaking in Conflict Resolution

Question 1

What is conflict?

Answer 1

Cambridge dictionary
- an active disagreement between people with opposing opinions or principles.
- It can also refer to fighting between two, or more, groups of people or countries.

• Conflict is inherent in social relations
• Conflict is central in the process of change
• Conflict is a challenge, as well providing opportunites

( form of intervention, depends on analysis of conflict)

Question 2

Peacemaking

Answer 2

can be achieved through various approaches, including negotiation + mediation.

Question 3

Negotiation

Answer 3

*involves 2 parties engaging
* direct communication to adress their own concerns and achieve their desired outcomes.

Question 4

Mediation

Answer 4

involves 3 parties with a mediator facilitating communication between conflicting parties.
–> It is an external process that aims to help parties find a mutually acceptable resolution.

Question 5

Goal in peacemaking

Answer 5

• to transform zero-sum perceptions into non-zero-sum approach,
• promoting cooperative behaviour
• often involves reframing the issues by differentiation between positions, interests and needs.

Question 6

Why differentiating between positions, interests and needS?

Answer 6

So: negotiators can move beyond surface-level disagreements,
and focus on underlying motivations, fostering creative solutions and building bridges
between conflicting parties.

Question 7

Positions

Answer 7

• refers to what negotiation explicit state they want/ the specific demands or solutions that negotiators express.
• often presented as comprehensive set of unilateral solutions,
• sometimes expressed in extreme terms.

Positions are the initial statements made by negotiators, but they are not the whole picture

Question 8

Interests

Answer 8

Go beyond positions and represent the

• Fundamental motivations + demands that inform positions
• means to an end (reflecting underlying priorities)

Understanding the interests behind stated positions –> crucial for finding mutually acceptable solutions

Question 9

Needs

Answer 9

Encompass both tangible and intangible elements that are essential for individuals, or groups.

Tangible needs such as secutity, food, shelter, and economic well-being, are material requirements.

intangible, such as: autonomy, self-determiniation, justice and equal treatment
( emotional/ psychological considerations)

Recognizing and addressing needs is crucial for achieving sustainable and satisfying outcomes.

Question 10

Why recognizing needs?

Answer 10

Recognizing and addressing needs is crucial for achieving sustainable and satisfying outcomes.

Question 11

What is negotiation?

Answer 11

A communication process
aimed at achieving specific goals.
* Parties in conflict work together to shape an outcome that better serves their interests, than their best alternatives.

Question 12

Effective communication

Answer 12

essential in negotiation,
as it occurs whenever you want something from someone else.

Question 13

Negotiators focus on

Answer 13

Protecting or advancing their interests, with agreement being a secondary objective. (explicit proposals are put forward)

Some parties may enter in negotiation with intention of stalling rather than to reach an agreement.

Question 14

Batna

Answer 14

Best Alternative To A Negotiated Agreement
* It refers to the alternatives both sides would pursue if they do not negotiate or if the negotiation fails.

Even the best negotiation efforts may not yield results, and parties must consider their BATNA, when evaluating their options.

Question 15

ZOPA

Answer 15

Zone of Possible Agreement
* It refers to the range of options and potential agreements that exists between 2 negotiation parties
* it represents the space where both parties’ interests overlap, and where a mutually accepted solution can be reached.

Question 16

Tit-for-tat

Answer 16

Refers to a strategy where one party responds to the other party’’s actions or offers in a similar manner.
If the other party makes a cooperative gesture or concession, tit-for-tat-responds with the same.

Question 17

Tit-for-tat strategy in negotiation aims to..

Answer 17

Aims to establish a reciprocal and cooperative dynamic between the parties.

By mirroring the other party’s behaviour, it encourages fairness, trust-building,
and a balanced exchange of concessions.

Question 18

It tit-for-tat an effective approach in negotiations?

Answer 18

It can be effective, as it rewards cooperation and discourages exploitation or unfair tactics.
However, it also relies on assumptions that the other party will respond in kindness
, mutual trust, and accurate perception of the other party’s actions. These are crucial for its success.