Actors, System & Practices

Question 1

Structure

Answer 1

Refers to the broader framework within negotiations take place.
It includes the historical, political and social context that shapes the possibilities and constraints of negotiations.

Question 2

Treaty of Westhphalia

Answer 2

one of the pivotal moments in development of international negotiations.
Which establised the Modern State system + defined the principles of sovereignty and non-interference

Question 3

Multilateralism

Answer 3

A more interconnected and interdependent system.
Global challenges such as climate change, terrorism, and economic interdependence
require negotiations involvingmultiple actors and overlapping insitutions.

From power positioning —> to cooperative problem-solving.

Question 4

Agency

Answer 4

refers to the capacity of individual actors to influence and shape negotiations.
Negotiators, diplomats, and mediators all play important roles in advancing their interests,
representing their respective states/ or organizations, and finding common ground.

Question 5

New complex negotiation practices

Answer 5

s the nature of global challenges has evolved, new complex negotiation practices have emerged.
These practices recognize the interconnectedness of issues and the need for comprehensive
approaches
Some:
1. Multi-track diplomacy
2. issue-linkage
3. public diplomacy

Question 6

Multi-track diplomacy

Answer 6

Involves engaging multiple stakeholders,
including state, and non-state actors, in parallel tracks of negotiations.
This approach acknowledges the importance of diverse perspectives, and the potential for collaborative solutions.

Question 7

Issue- linkage

Answer 7

Refers to strategy of connecting different issues in negotiations.
By linking various topics, negotiators aim to create synergies and foster mutually beneficial agreements.

Question 8

Public diplomacy

Answer 8

Recognizes the role of public opinion and communication in shaping negotiations.
Public engagement, media outreach, civil society involvement, can influence negotiation process
and provide legitimacy to the outcomes.

Question 9

Negotiation as a Game

Answer 9

Viewing negotiation as a game can provide valuable insights into the strategic choices and dynamics
involved. Negotiations often involve competition, cooperation, and trade-offs. Understanding the
rules, players, and possible moves helps negotiators navigate the complexities and achieve their
desired outcomes.

Question 10

Game Theory

Answer 10

Offers analytical tools to study negotiation dynamics.
–> Assumes that actors are rational
It explores concepts such as win-win, win-lose, zero-sum, and non -zero-sum-games.
By analysing the interplay between interests, power dynamics, and available options
, negotiators can make informed decisions and increase the likelihood of succesful outcomes.

Question 11

Coalitions

Answer 11

Result of interdependency
pooling of sovereignties

Question 12

Transnational actors (examples)

Answer 12

• corporations
• substate actors
• rivals to existing state
• NGO’s

Question 13

Track II Negotiatons

Answer 13

Unofficial negotiations, wherein nationals not closely affiliated with the government
deliberately are chosen as negotiators.
- Unofficial negotiatons
- Professionals, expert, interest groups
- topic related forums

Question 14

Increasing complexity

Answer 14

simple negotiation –> complex negotiation
State to state –> many diverse actors
single issue –> many diverse + interconnected issues
Single negotiation –> iterative negotiation
one set of rules –> many different rules

Question 15

Negotiations are constrained by an international system:

Answer 15

Practises of negotiation are determined by system in which they occur

Question 16

that system is changing from a Westphalian bilateral system to a new multilateral system

Answer 16

So the practices of negotiations are also changing. A new practice is emerging.

Practices of negotiation are determined by the system in which they occur.

Question 17

Prisoners Dilemma

Answer 17

You do not know what hte other party will do : rational to play black’’.

Conflicts tend often towards a lose-lose situation, which the prisoner’s dilemma illustrates.
2 prisoners charged with a crime have different choices. They are in a separate room and have to make the decision separately.
Cooperate (both keeping their mouths shut) → avoid being convicted
Confess (betraying the other by saying they have committed the crime) → reduced sentence
→ if both confess → equally long prison sentence
It is most rational to confess → you do not know what the other is doing.

Question 18

Tit for tat solving prisoners dilemma

Answer 18

The first time in an interrogation: one must cooperate with the other by keeping one’s mouth shut.
Next, one must follow the opponent in what he did the first time (talk/ keep quiet)
The best route, according to the writer, is to make the keyplayers understand that cooperation works best,