PE Boost (Test 2)

Question 1

Heart anatomy

Answer 1

• superior and inferior vena cava
• aorta
• left and right atrium (top)
• left and right ventricle (bottom)
• pulmonary vein and artery
• heart muscles

Question 2

Blood movement

Answer 2

1. Oxygenated blood arrives from the lungs through the pulmonary veins and enters the left atrium
2. Oxygenated blood passes into the left ventricle
3. A powerful contraction of the heart muscle pumps oxygenated blood out through the aorta
4. Deoxygenated blood comes back and enters the right atrium through the vena cava
5. Deoxygenated blood passes into the right ventricle
6. Deoxygenated blood returns to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries.

Question 3

Blood composition

Answer 3

• Blood plasma - 55% is plasma - a yellowy liquid containing water (90%), waste and hormones
• Blood volume - 45% of blood volume is the blood cells
  Blood Cells:
  RED BLOOD CELLS - contain haemoglobin which carries the oxygen
  WHITE BLOOD CELLS - fight infection
  PLATELETS - responsible for blood clotting

Question 4

Heart Rate

Answer 4

• Increase
  Resting Rate: 60-80 BPM
  Exercise Rate:
  Moderate120-150 BPM
  Intense180-200 BPM
  HR increases to meet energy demands of exercise and deliver more O2 to working muscles. Allowing us to work at a higher aerobic intensity.

Question 5

Breathing In and Out

Answer 5

In - chest expands and diaphragm contracts
Out - chest contracts and diaphragm relaxes

Question 6

Stroke Volume

Answer 6

• Increase
  Resting Rate: 60-80 BPM
  Exercise Rate:
  Moderate 120-150 ml/beat
  Intense 150-180 ml/beat
  Amount of blood injected out of the heart per beat, It will reach max at around 40% max HR - due to the heart only being so big

Question 7

Cardiac Output

Answer 7

• Increase
  Resting Rate: 5-6 L/min
  Exercise Rate:
  Moderate
  12-15 L/min
  Intense
  20-30 L/min
  An increased leads to more O2 rich blood being distributed to working muscles per minute. Allowing us to work at a higher aerobic intensity.

Question 8

Pathway of blood and oxygen

Answer 8

Pulmonary flow - pulmonary blood flow (small beat is to lungs)
Systemic flow - systemic blood flow (large beat to get oxygen to muscles)

Question 9

Arteries and Vein Function and haemoglobin

Answer 9

Vein - haemoglobin carries CO2 (carries blood back to the heart)
Artery - haemoglobin carries O2 (oxygenated blood to the working muscles, carries blood away from the heart)

Question 10

Equation

Answer 10

Rate(BPM) x volume(ml/beat) = total cardiac output(L/min) => HR x SV = Q

Question 11

Respiratory system (mechanics)
Lung anatomy and function

Answer 11

• Nasal cavity, Larynx / Pharynx, Trachea, Bronchi
  Breathing in - Low pressure within the chest cavity and a higher pressure in the outside air, Therefore the air moves into the lungs
  Breathing out - High pressure within the chest cavity and a lower pressure in the outside air, Therefore the air moves out of the lungs

Question 12

What does the cardiovascular system consist of ?

Answer 12

• Heart
• Blood vessels
• Blood
• Pulmonary circuit
• Systemic circuit

Question 13

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system ?

Answer 13

• Circulate blood
• Bring O2, water & nutrients to the cells
• Take CO2 & other wastes away from the cells
• Maintain body temperature and hydration
• Fight disease
• Blood clotting

Question 14

Breathing rate

Answer 14

• Increase
  Resting Rate: 12-16 BPM
  Exercise Rate:
  Moderate
  20-30 BPM
  Intense
  40-50 BPM
  BR increases to meet energy demands of exercise and deliver more O2 to working muscles. Allowing us to work at a higher aerobic capacity.

Question 15

Tidal volume

Answer 15

• Increase
  Resting Rate: 500ml/breath
  Exercise Rate:
  Moderate
  2.5L/breath
  Intense
  3.0L/breath
  TV increases to allow greater volumes of blood/O2 being taken in per breath. Allowing us to work at a higher aerobic intensity.

Question 16

Ventilation

Answer 16

• Increase
  Resting Rate: 6L/min
  Exercise Rate:
  Moderate
  50-75L/min
  Intense
  120-150L/min
  An increased rate leads to more O2 rich blood being distributed to the heart and to the working muscles per minute. Allowing us to work at a higher aerobic intensity.

Question 17

Pulmonary Diffusion and Capillaries

Answer 17

Pulmonary Diffusion - occurs between the lungs and the heart through alveoli (site where gas is exchanged)
Capillaries - the networks that allow exchange between blood and the tissue

Question 18

Blood Pressure

Answer 18

Blood Pressure - the pressure exerted on the arterial wall
120/80
systolic-pumping phase /diastolic-relaxed phase

high BP - hypertension low BP - hypotension

Question 19

AVO2 Difference

Answer 19

• Increase
  Resting Rate: Low
  Exercise Rate: High
  The difference between oxygen saturation within the arteries as opposed to the veins. Directly related to muscular O2 demand.

Question 20

Redistribution Of Blood Flow

Answer 20

• Increase
  Resting Rate: Muscles 20% Organs 80%
  Exercise Rate: Muscles 20% Organs 80%
  Vasoconstriction(20%) occurs in arterioles supplying oxygen to the inactive areas and vasodilation(80%) occurs in arterioles supplying oxygen to the working muscles.