PE Boost (Test 1) Flashcards
axil skeleton
- axis that everything is attached to (body)
- skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum, coccyx
- be able to fill out on diagram
appendicular skeleton
- limbs
- clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpal and tarsal bones, femur, patella, fibula, tibia
- be able to fill out on diagram
vertebrae column, bones in each section
- hollow centre which spinal cord travels through
- top to bottom vertebrae increases in size
- cervical (7)
- thoracic (12)
- lumbar (5)
- sacrum (5) -fused
- coccyx (4) - fused
what is a joint
where two or more bones meet to allow movement
fibrous joint
- fixed, immoveable
- characterised by synovial fluid
- e.g cranium and sacrum
cartilaginous joint
- cartilage joins, slightly moveable
- e.g ribs and vertebrae
synovial joint
- freely moveable
- e.g knee, arms, hip
how is movement created in a joint
results from the contraction or relaxation of the muscles that are attached to the bones on either side.
function of cartilage
smooth white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints
function of bursa
fluid filled sac that works as a cushion to reduce friction between tissue
function of synovial fluid
provides a cushion between bones and tendons and/or muscle around a joint
function of ligament
connects bone to bone
compare hip and should gridle
hip - weight bearing joint, less prone to popping out, more protected, sits deeper in the socket and is surrounded by stronger muscles
shoulder - more prone to popping out, socket is shallower, and is a smaller ball
what is hyperextension
- excessive movement of a joint in one direction
- the joint has been forced to move beyond its normal range of motion.
hinge joint
- flexion and extension
- e.g elbow
pivot joint
- pronation , supination, rotation
- radius, humerus
ball and socket joint
- allows movement in all axis
- flexion and extension
-rotation and circumduction - abduction and adduction
- e.g hip and shoulder
ellipsoid joint
- flexion and extension
- abduction and adduction
- circumduction
- e.g wrist
saddle joint
- limited rotation
- flexion and extension
- abduction and adduction
- e.g thumb
plane joint
gliding and rotating disks
- e.g clavicle and scapula
gliding joint
- allows sideways, back and forward
- tarsels and vertebrae
functions of skeletal system
- protection of vital organs
- provided framework
- allow for movement
- red blood cells produced in long bones
- storage of vitamins and minerals
types of bones
long - femur, humerus
short - tarsles and carpels
flat bone - cranium, scapula
irregular bone - vertebrae
sesamoid bones - patella
uni-axil, bi-axil and tri-axil joints
uni-axil - hinge, pivot
bi-axil - condyloid, gliding, saddle
tri-axil- ball and socket
sensor motor neurons
- Brain sends signal
- Electrical impulse travels along spinal cord to motor neuron (nerve)
- Impulse travels along chain of neurons (neural chain)
- Message arrives at muscle fibres
- Muscle fibres are stimulated to contract
agonist
muscle creating movement
antagonist
muscle relaxing
stabiliser
muscle that holds parts in place and prevent you from being damaged while movers are moving you
movers
big muscles that move body parts
muscle functions
movement - contract and relax, muscles work in pairs this is called reciprocal inhibition.
- posture
- production of body heat
muscle types
smooth - found in blood vessels and intestinal walls, internal and involuntary.
cardiac - only found in wall of the heart. involuntary
skeletal - external, voluntary.
uni, bi and multi pennate
UNIPENNATE - fibres on one side of a tendon
BIPENNATE - fibres on both side of a tendon
MULTIPENNATE - fibres branch out from a number of tendons
Microscopic muscle contraction
-myofibrils are made up of tiny protein structures called filaments
-one is a thick filament called MYOSIN (WHICH HAS CROSS BRIDGES)
-two is a thin filament called ACTIN
- H ZONE can shorten or even disappear
-The ACTIN filaments slide over the MYOSIN filaments to create movement.
microscopic contraction steps
- Electrical impulse arrives at the relaxed muscle via the CNS
- Calcium is released which bonds the cross bridges to the ACTIN
- Cross bridges begin to pull the ACTIN filaments towards middle
- Muscle contracts and shortens
tendons
connects muscle to bone
types of muscle contractions
- ISOINERTIAL - load or resistance against the muscle is constant throughout the motion,
- CONCENTRIC – the muscle length decreases
- ECCENTRIC – the muscle length increases.
- ISOMETRIC – the muscle length remains unchanged (gripping a racquet handle)
- ISOKINETIC – the resistance changes according to joint angle (requires special machines).
sports injuries - sprain
sprain (ligament)
classification - acute, indirect, soft tissue
causes - excessive movement forcing joint past range
symptoms - immediate pain, swelling, restricted movement
rehab - muscle conditioning, strapping
sports injuries - dislocation
shoulder dislocation -
classification - direct, acute
causes - twist, fall, direct blow
symptoms - swollen, physically out of place
rehab - Immobilise the injured part, Apply RICER, have no unnecessary movement, Seek medical assistance
sports injuries - concussion
concussion
classification - direct
causes - bump to the head
symptoms - nausea, dizziness, blurred vision, headache
rehab - rest, slowly increase physical activity
sports injuries - strains
strain (hamstring) -
classification - indirect
causes - over stretching, sudden change in direction
symptoms - muscle pain, spasm, sore to touch
rehab - ricer
- ricer (decreasing blood flow to the injury)
prevention of injuries
conditioning (flexibility and strength), equipment maintenance, nutrition, warm up and cool down
fusiform muscles
long and thin. Contract rapidly, low force. Fibres run length of muscle, same direction as tendon. Eg: bicep
How do joints create movement
results from contraction or relaxation of the muscles that are attached to the bones on either side of the joint
shoulder vs hip
Similar in that both ball and socket. Different in that shoulder is more moveable and flexible. Hip is deeper as it is weight-bearing.
reciprocal inhabition
muscles work in pairs. Agonist contracts and antagonist must relax
sarcomere
basic contracting unit of muscle cell consists of actin and myosin filaments
flexion and extension
flexion - angle decreases at a joint
extension - angle increases at a joint
dorsic and plantar flexion
dorsic flexion - foot moves towards shin
plantar flexion - foot moves away from shin
abduction and adduction
abduction - moves away from midline
adduction - moves towards midline
supination and pronation
supination - twisting (palm up)
pronation - twisting (palm down)
eversion and inversion
eversion - sole outward
inversion - sole inward
elevation and depression
elevation - shoulder girdle moves towards head
depression - shoulder girdle moves away from head
rotation and circumduction
rotation - movement around central axis
circumduction - body moves in a cone shape
fast and slow twitch
FAST TWITCH - contract rapidly, contract with greater force, have a large fibre diameter.
SLOW TWITCH - contract slowly with less force, have an increased capacity to use oxygen, have the capacity to contract for longer time periods.
