PE AS-Theories of learning

Question 1

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 1

The use of reinforcement to ensure that correct responses are repeated.

Question 2

What is the behaviourist theory?

Answer 2

This attempts to explain how actions can be linked to stimuli.

Question 3

What are 3 characteristics of operant conditioning?

Answer 3

Based on trial and error, shapes behaviour, manipulates the environment.

Question 4

what is the satisfier and the annoyer?

Answer 4

Satisfier-An action that promotes a pleasant feeling so that responses are repeated.
Annoyer-An action that creates unease to ensure that incorrect responses are not repeated.

Question 5

What is the stimulus-response bond?

Answer 5

Involves the use of reinforcement to ensure that a pleasant feeling can be associated with the correct response to the stimulus. Strengthening the link between the stimulus and the response.

Question 6

Distinguish between positive and negative reinforcement?

Answer 6

Positive reinforcement-A pleasant stimulus after the correct response.
Negative reinforcement-Taking away an unpleasant stimulus after the correct response.

Question 7

What is punishment?

Answer 7

An unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions reoccurring.

Question 8

Summarise bandura’s theory of observational learning?

Answer 8

Suggests that both acceptable and unacceptable behaviour can be learned by watching then copying other people. Behaviours learnt through socialisation.

Question 9

What are the four processes that make up observational learning?

Answer 9

Attention, retention, motor production and motivation.

Question 10

What is attention?

Answer 10

Making the demonstration attractive to the performer.

Question 11

What is retention?

Answer 11

Remembering the demonstration and being able to recall it.

Question 12

What is motor production?

Answer 12

Having the mental and physical capability to do the task.

Question 13

What is motivation?

Answer 13

Having the drive to do the task.

Question 14

How can a coach ensure that the demonstration is more likely to be copied by the performers?

Answer 14

The demonstration is powerful, both visually and physically, demonstration can include a role model to improve attractiveness and attention. demonstration can be concise to prevent information overload.

Question 15

Summarise Vygotsky’s theory of social development?

Answer 15

Learning by association with others.

Question 16

Differentiate between inter-psychological and intra-psychological learning?

Answer 16

Inter-psychological learning-learning from others externally.
intra-psychological learning- learning using others or an MKO to develop knowledge.

Question 17

What is constructivism?

Answer 17

Building up learning in stages based on current level of performance.

Question 18

Describe the zone of proximal development?

Answer 18

The next stage of learning based on the performer’s needs, expectations and current level of performance.

Question 19

Describe each stage of the zone of proximal development?

Answer 19

Centre-What can I do?
middle ring-What can I do with help?
outer ring-What can I not yet do?

Question 20

What is insight learning?

Answer 20

Using experience and understanding to solve problems relating to the whole skill.

Question 21

Summarise Gestaltist theory?

Answer 21

Allows performer to decide for themselves the solution to a problem. I.e. what foot to take off from in a long jump.