PE AS- Skill Aquisition Joseph Felton Flashcards
What is a skill?
The learned ability to bring about predetermined results with the minimum outlay of time, energy or both.
What are the characteristics of a skill?
A-aesthetically pleasing C-consistent E-efficient F-fluent A-accurate C-controlled E-economical
What is an open skill and provide an example?
A skill performed in an unpredictable environment, a pass in football.
What is a closed skill and provide an example?
A skill performed in a predictable environment, a shot putt.
What is a gross skill and provide an example?
A skill that incorporates large muscle groups, a rugby tackle.
What is a fine skill and provide an example?
A skill that incorporates small muscle groups, a table tennis serve.
What is a self-paced skill and provide an example?
When the performer controls the start and the speed of the skill, a penalty in football.
What is an externally paced skill and provide an example?
When the performer has no control over the start and speed of the skill, swimming dive.
What is a discrete skill and provide an example?
A skill that has a clear beginning, middle and end, a tennis serve.
What is a serial skill and provide an example?
A skill that contains several discrete skills in order to make a more integrated movement, a trampoline routine.
What is a continuous skill and provide an example?
A continuous skill has no clear beginning, middle or end, running is a continuous skill.
What is a low organised skill and provide an example?
A skill that can be easily broken into parts, swimming stroke is a low organised skill.
What is a highly organised skill and provide an example?
A skill that is not easily broken into parts, a volley in football.
What is a simple skill and provide an example?
A skill that requires few decisions when being performed. A forward role.
What is a complex skill and provide an example?
A skill that requires decision making using ,outs of information when performed. A hockey dribble.
What is positive transfer of learning and provide an example?
When the learning of one skill assists in the development of another skill. Netball pass to a basketball pass.
What is negative transfer of learning and provide an example?
When the learning of one skill hinders the development of another skill. Tennis serve has a negative effect on a badminton serve.
What is zero transfer of learning and provide an example?
When the learning of one skill has no impact on the development of another skill. Swimming to a rock climber.
What is bilateral transfer of learning and provide an example?
When the learning of one skill is passed across the body from limb to limb. Right foot to left foot in football.
How can a coach ensure the positive transfer of learning?
Make training realistic with small game scenarios, make sure the previous skill is fully developed before the new skill is learnt, use reward and reinforcement to encourage performer.
What is whole practice?
Practising the skill in its entirety.
When might a coach decide to use whole practice?
When the skill is closed, discrete
Provide 1 advantages and 1 disadvantages of whole practice?
ADV-Develops kinesthesis
DADV-Too much information beyond capabilities of performer
What is whole-part-whole practice?
Practising the skill in its entirety, breaking it down to focus on a specific weakness then putting the skill back together.
When might a coach decide to use whole-part-whole practice?
When the skill is complex, difficult to isolate.
Provide 1 advantages and 1 disadvantages of whole-part-whole practice?
ADV-Shows weakness and corrects it.
DADV-Time consuming
What is progressive part practice?
Practising the first part of the skill then adding parts gradually, referred to as chaining.
What is chaining?
Linking sub-routines or parts of a task together in a set order. Can be used to produce serial skills.
Why might a coach decide to use progressive part practice?
When the skill is complex, serial
Provide 1 advantages and 1 disadvantages of progressive part practice?
ADV-Stages of succession provides motivation,
DADV-Time consuming,
What is massed practice?
No rest intervals.
When might a coach decide to use massed practice?
When the skill is discrete, simple,
Provide 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of massed practice?
ADV- Increases fitness,
DADV- Fatigue,
What is distributed practice?
Rest intervals.
When might a coach decide to use distributed practice?
When the skill is continuous, complex, .
Provide 1 advantages and 1 disadvantages of distributed practice?
ADV-Allows recovery,
DADV- Time consuming,
What is varied practice?
Changing the practice type and practiced skills.
When might a coach decide to use varied practice?
When the skill is complex, open
Provide 1 advantages and 1 disadvantages of varied practice?
ADV-Builds schema,
DADV-Time consuming,
What is mental practice?
Rehearsing performance in the players mind.
When might a performer decide to use mental practice?
When the skill is serial, complex.
Provide 2 benefits of mental practice?
Improves reaction time, builds confidence.
How can a coach use mental practice?
For beginners mental practice should be short and key parts of the task should be emphasised. For experts mental practice should be use in a session before a big game so tactics and strategies can be revised.
Describe the cognitive stage of learning?
First stage of learning used by novices, understanding sub-routines and performance based on trial and error.
Describe the associative stage of learning?
Second stage of learning in which motor programmes are developed and performances are smoother.
Describe the autonomous stage of learning?
Final stage of learning in which movement is detailed, skills are performed subconsciously and effortlessly.
Name all types of feedback?
Positive, Negative, extrinsic, intrinsic, knowledge of results, knowledge of performance.
What type of feedback will a cognitive learner rely on?
Positive, extrinsic, from coach, knowledge of performance.
What type of feedback will an associative learner rely on?
Intrinsic, extrinsic, positive, negative, knowledge of performance.
What type of feedback will an autonomous learner rely on?
Extrinsic, knowledge of results.
What is a learning plateau?
A period of no improvement in performance.
What are 3 possible causes of a learning plateau?
Lack of motivation, fatigue, Coaching.
What are 3 possible solutions to overcoming a learning plateau?
Rest could be taken to avoid fatigue, new coach could be found to raise performance levels, new targets could be set
What is visual guidance?
Guidance that can be seen, a demonstration.
Provide 1 advantages and 1 disadvantages of visual guidance?
ADV-Visual guidance can highlight a specific weakness,
DADV-Demonstration must be completely accurate to prevent negative transfer.
What is verbal guidance?
An explanation.
Provide 1 advantages and 1 disadvantages of verbal guidance?
ADV-Explanation can be given quickly and is not time consuming,
DADV-Too much information can cause information overload.
What is manual guidance?
Physical support.
Provide 1 advantages and 1 disadvantages of manual guidance?
ADV-Helps to build confidence,
DADV-Performer can depend on manual guidance if overused.
What is mechanical guidance?
An artificial aid.
Provide 1 advantages and 1 disadvantages of mechanical guidance?
ADV- eliminates danger.
DADV-performer can become too dependant on artificial aid hindering performance without the aid
